A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan
Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease transmitted by ticks and caused by obligate intracellular pathogen of belonging to genus <i>Anaplasma</i> Infections of one-humped camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) and llamas (<i>Lama glama</i>) have been reported previousl...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Muhammad Zaeem Abbas Muzafar Ghafoor Muhammad Hammad Hussain Mughees Aizaz Alvi Tariq Jamil Muhammad Sohail Sajid Munazza Aslam Ali Hassan Shujaat Hussain Mian Abdul Hafeez Muhammad Irfan Ullah Iahtasham Khan Khurram Ashfaq Ghulam Muhammad Katja Mertens-Scholz Heinrich Neubauer Hosny El-Adawy Muhammad Saqib |
| author_facet | Muhammad Zaeem Abbas Muzafar Ghafoor Muhammad Hammad Hussain Mughees Aizaz Alvi Tariq Jamil Muhammad Sohail Sajid Munazza Aslam Ali Hassan Shujaat Hussain Mian Abdul Hafeez Muhammad Irfan Ullah Iahtasham Khan Khurram Ashfaq Ghulam Muhammad Katja Mertens-Scholz Heinrich Neubauer Hosny El-Adawy Muhammad Saqib |
| author_sort | Muhammad Zaeem Abbas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease transmitted by ticks and caused by obligate intracellular pathogen of belonging to genus <i>Anaplasma</i> Infections of one-humped camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) and llamas (<i>Lama glama</i>) have been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> spp. antibodies in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of the Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2017–2018 to study the seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of 13 districts in Punjab province of Pakistan and to assess the associated risk factors including age, breed, gender, body condition score, tick infestation, location, season and management type. Serum samples from 728 camels (433 females and 295 males) were examined for anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies using a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) test kit. A univariable analysis was conducted and extended to multivariate logistic regression to find potential risk factors associated with the disease. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies was 8.5% (8.5%, CI 6.6–10.8) with 62 positives in 728 camels. The highest seroprevalence was recorded for camels of the Central Punjab districts (16.1%, CI 11.5–21.7) followed by those of the Northwestern (5.4%, 2.8–9.3) and Southern Punjab (5.2%, 2.9–8.4) districts (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that location (Central Punjab: OR 2.78, <i>p</i> = 0.004), season (summer: OR 7.94, <i>p</i> = 0.009), body condition score (BCS 2: OR 14.81, <i>p</i> = 0.029) and tick infestation (OR 38.59, <i>p</i> < 0.001) are potential risk factors in the corresponding camel populations. The results showed that the camel population in Pakistan is seropositive for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. The geographical zone, season, body condition and tick infestation were identified as significantly associated risk factors for seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in dromedary camels. To the best of our knowledge, the results of this current study provide the first evidence of exposure of camels to anaplasmosis in Pakistan. Molecular investigations in the future are highly recommended to determine the dynamics of the disease in camels. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5c8fdde2a0a643539dd90b87d5652522 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-5c8fdde2a0a643539dd90b87d56525222025-08-20T02:57:29ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812024-12-01111265710.3390/vetsci11120657A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, PakistanMuhammad Zaeem Abbas0Muzafar Ghafoor1Muhammad Hammad Hussain2Mughees Aizaz Alvi3Tariq Jamil4Muhammad Sohail Sajid5Munazza Aslam6Ali Hassan7Shujaat Hussain8Mian Abdul Hafeez9Muhammad Irfan Ullah10Iahtasham Khan11Khurram Ashfaq12Ghulam Muhammad13Katja Mertens-Scholz14Heinrich Neubauer15Hosny El-Adawy16Muhammad Saqib17Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanInstitute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, GermanyDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanFaculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Jhang 35200, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanInstitute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, GermanyInstitute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, GermanyInstitute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanAnaplasmosis is an infectious disease transmitted by ticks and caused by obligate intracellular pathogen of belonging to genus <i>Anaplasma</i> Infections of one-humped camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) and llamas (<i>Lama glama</i>) have been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> spp. antibodies in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of the Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2017–2018 to study the seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of 13 districts in Punjab province of Pakistan and to assess the associated risk factors including age, breed, gender, body condition score, tick infestation, location, season and management type. Serum samples from 728 camels (433 females and 295 males) were examined for anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies using a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) test kit. A univariable analysis was conducted and extended to multivariate logistic regression to find potential risk factors associated with the disease. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies was 8.5% (8.5%, CI 6.6–10.8) with 62 positives in 728 camels. The highest seroprevalence was recorded for camels of the Central Punjab districts (16.1%, CI 11.5–21.7) followed by those of the Northwestern (5.4%, 2.8–9.3) and Southern Punjab (5.2%, 2.9–8.4) districts (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that location (Central Punjab: OR 2.78, <i>p</i> = 0.004), season (summer: OR 7.94, <i>p</i> = 0.009), body condition score (BCS 2: OR 14.81, <i>p</i> = 0.029) and tick infestation (OR 38.59, <i>p</i> < 0.001) are potential risk factors in the corresponding camel populations. The results showed that the camel population in Pakistan is seropositive for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. The geographical zone, season, body condition and tick infestation were identified as significantly associated risk factors for seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in dromedary camels. To the best of our knowledge, the results of this current study provide the first evidence of exposure of camels to anaplasmosis in Pakistan. Molecular investigations in the future are highly recommended to determine the dynamics of the disease in camels.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/11/12/657anaplasmosiscELISArisk factorsdromedary camelsPakistan |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Zaeem Abbas Muzafar Ghafoor Muhammad Hammad Hussain Mughees Aizaz Alvi Tariq Jamil Muhammad Sohail Sajid Munazza Aslam Ali Hassan Shujaat Hussain Mian Abdul Hafeez Muhammad Irfan Ullah Iahtasham Khan Khurram Ashfaq Ghulam Muhammad Katja Mertens-Scholz Heinrich Neubauer Hosny El-Adawy Muhammad Saqib A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan Veterinary Sciences anaplasmosis cELISA risk factors dromedary camels Pakistan |
| title | A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_full | A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_short | A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan |
| title_sort | cross sectional serological study to assess the prevalence and risk factors of anaplasmosis in dromedary camels in punjab pakistan |
| topic | anaplasmosis cELISA risk factors dromedary camels Pakistan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/11/12/657 |
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