Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses

To achieve global herd immunity, widespread vaccination is the most effective strategy. Vaccines stimulate the immune system, generating cytokines and chemokines, isotype antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies; all these molecules collectively provide a more comprehensive characterization of the im...

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Main Authors: Diana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez, Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores, Jorge Hernández-Bello, Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez, Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández, Samuel García-Arellano, Guillermo González-Estevez, Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Galvez, Edith Oregon-Romero, Alberto López-Reyes, Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2024-12-01
Series:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2024.2394265
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author Diana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez
Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
Jorge Hernández-Bello
Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández
Samuel García-Arellano
Guillermo González-Estevez
Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Galvez
Edith Oregon-Romero
Alberto López-Reyes
Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle
author_facet Diana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez
Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
Jorge Hernández-Bello
Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández
Samuel García-Arellano
Guillermo González-Estevez
Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Galvez
Edith Oregon-Romero
Alberto López-Reyes
Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle
author_sort Diana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez
collection DOAJ
description To achieve global herd immunity, widespread vaccination is the most effective strategy. Vaccines stimulate the immune system, generating cytokines and chemokines, isotype antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies; all these molecules collectively provide a more comprehensive characterization of the immune response post-vaccination. We conducted a longitudinal study in northwestern Mexico, involving 120 individuals before vaccination and after the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and 46 individuals after their second dose. Our findings reveal that antibody levels stabilize over time; cytokine levels generally increase following the first dose but decrease after the second dose and higher than normal levels in IgG1 and IgG3 concentrations are present. Most of the innate cytokines determined in this study were higher after the first dose of the vaccine. Regardless of previous infection history, this finding suggests that the first dose of the vaccine is crucial and may stimulate immunity by enhancing the innate immune response. Conversely, increased levels of IL-4, indicative of a Th2 response, were found in individuals without prior exposure to the virus and in those vaccinated with CoronaVac. These results suggest that the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines is multi-faceted, with preexisting immunity potentiating a more robust innate response. Vaccine type plays a critical role, with genetic vaccines favoring a Th1 response and inactivated vaccines like CoronaVac skewing toward a Th2 profile.
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spelling doaj-art-5c6790b24a7343e381296ceefeaecea92025-08-20T03:12:47ZengTaylor & Francis GroupHuman Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics2164-55152164-554X2024-12-0120110.1080/21645515.2024.2394265Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responsesDiana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez0Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores1Jorge Hernández-Bello2Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez3Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández4Samuel García-Arellano5Guillermo González-Estevez6Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Galvez7Edith Oregon-Romero8Alberto López-Reyes9Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle10Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoDepartamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoLaboratorio de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México, MéxicoInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Guadalajara, MéxicoTo achieve global herd immunity, widespread vaccination is the most effective strategy. Vaccines stimulate the immune system, generating cytokines and chemokines, isotype antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies; all these molecules collectively provide a more comprehensive characterization of the immune response post-vaccination. We conducted a longitudinal study in northwestern Mexico, involving 120 individuals before vaccination and after the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and 46 individuals after their second dose. Our findings reveal that antibody levels stabilize over time; cytokine levels generally increase following the first dose but decrease after the second dose and higher than normal levels in IgG1 and IgG3 concentrations are present. Most of the innate cytokines determined in this study were higher after the first dose of the vaccine. Regardless of previous infection history, this finding suggests that the first dose of the vaccine is crucial and may stimulate immunity by enhancing the innate immune response. Conversely, increased levels of IL-4, indicative of a Th2 response, were found in individuals without prior exposure to the virus and in those vaccinated with CoronaVac. These results suggest that the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines is multi-faceted, with preexisting immunity potentiating a more robust innate response. Vaccine type plays a critical role, with genetic vaccines favoring a Th1 response and inactivated vaccines like CoronaVac skewing toward a Th2 profile.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2024.2394265COVID-19cytokines, neutralizing antibodiesSARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 vaccinevaccination
spellingShingle Diana Lourdes Padilla-Bórquez
Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
Jorge Hernández-Bello
Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández
Samuel García-Arellano
Guillermo González-Estevez
Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Galvez
Edith Oregon-Romero
Alberto López-Reyes
Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle
Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
COVID-19
cytokines, neutralizing antibodies
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
vaccination
title Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
title_full Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
title_fullStr Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
title_full_unstemmed Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
title_short Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses
title_sort influence of previous covid 19 exposure and vaccine type coronavac chadox1 ncov 19 or bnt162b2 on antibody and cytokine th1 or th2 responses
topic COVID-19
cytokines, neutralizing antibodies
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
vaccination
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2024.2394265
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