Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method
Abstract Bifenazate is a widely used insecticide for mite control and readily oxidizes to bifenazate-diazene, which can revert to bifenazate under mild reducing conditions. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for quantifying bifenazate in agricultural products by optimizing the reduction c...
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SpringerOpen
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Analytical Science and Technology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-025-00487-z |
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| author | Deuk-Yeong Lee Hee-Jin Jeong Jong-Wook Song Ji-Young An Jong-Su Seo Jong-Hwan Kim |
| author_facet | Deuk-Yeong Lee Hee-Jin Jeong Jong-Wook Song Ji-Young An Jong-Su Seo Jong-Hwan Kim |
| author_sort | Deuk-Yeong Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Bifenazate is a widely used insecticide for mite control and readily oxidizes to bifenazate-diazene, which can revert to bifenazate under mild reducing conditions. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for quantifying bifenazate in agricultural products by optimizing the reduction conditions for bifenazate-diazene and evaluating the purification efficiency of different sorbents. Ascorbic acid was employed as a reductant, and four sorbents (PSA, PSA + C18, PSA + C18 + GCB, and Z-Sep +) were tested for matrix effects and recovery in pepper, mandarin, and brown rice. The optimal reduction conditions were determined to be 50 °C for 1 h, ensuring nearly complete conversion of bifenazate-diazene. Among the adsorbents, Z-Sep + demonstrated the lowest matrix effect and the highest recovery for bifenazate, followed by PSA + C18 and PSA. Considering the balance between matrix effects and recoveries across the three tested agricultural commodities, we optimized the analytical method using Z-Sep + as the primary purification sorbent. The developed method was validated for selectivity, linearity (R 2 > 0.999), accuracy, and precision, meeting international regulatory guidelines. While this study primarily focused on common agricultural matrices, future research is needed to evaluate the method’s applicability to a wider range of agricultural products, including those with complex matrices such as high-fat and high-protein foods, as well as its performance in real-world agricultural samples. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5c65aadcd20d498784e31deed550056a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2093-3371 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
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| series | Journal of Analytical Science and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-5c65aadcd20d498784e31deed550056a2025-08-20T02:05:38ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Analytical Science and Technology2093-33712025-06-011611810.1186/s40543-025-00487-zOptimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction methodDeuk-Yeong Lee0Hee-Jin Jeong1Jong-Wook Song2Ji-Young An3Jong-Su Seo4Jong-Hwan Kim5Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Environmental Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)Abstract Bifenazate is a widely used insecticide for mite control and readily oxidizes to bifenazate-diazene, which can revert to bifenazate under mild reducing conditions. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for quantifying bifenazate in agricultural products by optimizing the reduction conditions for bifenazate-diazene and evaluating the purification efficiency of different sorbents. Ascorbic acid was employed as a reductant, and four sorbents (PSA, PSA + C18, PSA + C18 + GCB, and Z-Sep +) were tested for matrix effects and recovery in pepper, mandarin, and brown rice. The optimal reduction conditions were determined to be 50 °C for 1 h, ensuring nearly complete conversion of bifenazate-diazene. Among the adsorbents, Z-Sep + demonstrated the lowest matrix effect and the highest recovery for bifenazate, followed by PSA + C18 and PSA. Considering the balance between matrix effects and recoveries across the three tested agricultural commodities, we optimized the analytical method using Z-Sep + as the primary purification sorbent. The developed method was validated for selectivity, linearity (R 2 > 0.999), accuracy, and precision, meeting international regulatory guidelines. While this study primarily focused on common agricultural matrices, future research is needed to evaluate the method’s applicability to a wider range of agricultural products, including those with complex matrices such as high-fat and high-protein foods, as well as its performance in real-world agricultural samples.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-025-00487-zAscorbic acidBifenazateBifenazate-diazeneDispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE)Matrix effectsMethod validation |
| spellingShingle | Deuk-Yeong Lee Hee-Jin Jeong Jong-Wook Song Ji-Young An Jong-Su Seo Jong-Hwan Kim Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method Journal of Analytical Science and Technology Ascorbic acid Bifenazate Bifenazate-diazene Dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) Matrix effects Method validation |
| title | Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| title_full | Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| title_fullStr | Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| title_short | Optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| title_sort | optimization and validation of bifenazate and bifenazate diazene quantification in agricultural products using a reduction method |
| topic | Ascorbic acid Bifenazate Bifenazate-diazene Dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) Matrix effects Method validation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-025-00487-z |
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