Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an important pathogen affecting the pig industry, is an RNA virus with high genetic diversity. In this study, 12,299 clinical samples were collected from northern China during 2021–2023 to investigate the molecular epidemiological characte...
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| author | Na Yuan Zuofeng Yang Fengxia Lv Lina Dou Xiangqing Li Baokai Zhao Shishan Dong |
| author_facet | Na Yuan Zuofeng Yang Fengxia Lv Lina Dou Xiangqing Li Baokai Zhao Shishan Dong |
| author_sort | Na Yuan |
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| description | Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an important pathogen affecting the pig industry, is an RNA virus with high genetic diversity. In this study, 12,299 clinical samples were collected from northern China during 2021–2023 to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolution of PRRSV. All samples were screened using qRT-PCR and further analyzed through <i>ORF5</i> gene and whole-genome sequencing. The results showed that the positive rate of PRRSV in northern China was 18.42%, and positivity rates were relatively high in spring. The phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ORF5</i> gene indicated that the 174 gene sequences were classified as PRRSV-2, predominantly found in Lineage 1.8 (L1.8), Lineage 1.5 (L1.5), and Lineage 8 (L8). L1.8 and L1.5 showed considerable polymorphism at decoy and neutralizing epitopes. Mutations of specific amino acids were present in L1.8 and L1.5 at T- and B-cell epitopes. Moreover, the 27 whole-genome sequences were analyzed. As indicated, 24 of them were exposed to gene recombination, and L1.8 provided the backbone for recombination events. The predominant recombination modes were L1.8 + L8.7 + L1.5/L3, with L1.5 and L3.5 generally yielding GP2~GP6 structural proteins. Recombination hotspots were primarily located within the ranges of 780~2200 (Nsp1~Nsp2), 5400~6200 (Nsp3~Nsp4), 7800~9000 (Nsp9), and 12,200~14,800 (ORF2~ORF6). This study enriches the epidemiological data of PRRSV in northern China, thereby providing theoretical references for the prevention and control of PRRSV in northern China. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5be44edb9ef0404981733b4b91056e6b2025-01-24T13:52:32ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-01-011718510.3390/v17010085Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023Na Yuan0Zuofeng Yang1Fengxia Lv2Lina Dou3Xiangqing Li4Baokai Zhao5Shishan Dong6College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, ChinaLiaoning Provincial Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shenyang 110015, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, ChinaBeijing Daweijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, ChinaBeijing Daweijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, ChinaBeijing Daweijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, ChinaPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an important pathogen affecting the pig industry, is an RNA virus with high genetic diversity. In this study, 12,299 clinical samples were collected from northern China during 2021–2023 to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolution of PRRSV. All samples were screened using qRT-PCR and further analyzed through <i>ORF5</i> gene and whole-genome sequencing. The results showed that the positive rate of PRRSV in northern China was 18.42%, and positivity rates were relatively high in spring. The phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ORF5</i> gene indicated that the 174 gene sequences were classified as PRRSV-2, predominantly found in Lineage 1.8 (L1.8), Lineage 1.5 (L1.5), and Lineage 8 (L8). L1.8 and L1.5 showed considerable polymorphism at decoy and neutralizing epitopes. Mutations of specific amino acids were present in L1.8 and L1.5 at T- and B-cell epitopes. Moreover, the 27 whole-genome sequences were analyzed. As indicated, 24 of them were exposed to gene recombination, and L1.8 provided the backbone for recombination events. The predominant recombination modes were L1.8 + L8.7 + L1.5/L3, with L1.5 and L3.5 generally yielding GP2~GP6 structural proteins. Recombination hotspots were primarily located within the ranges of 780~2200 (Nsp1~Nsp2), 5400~6200 (Nsp3~Nsp4), 7800~9000 (Nsp9), and 12,200~14,800 (ORF2~ORF6). This study enriches the epidemiological data of PRRSV in northern China, thereby providing theoretical references for the prevention and control of PRRSV in northern China.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/85porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)northern Chinamolecular epidemiological investigationgenetic evolutionrecombination analysis |
| spellingShingle | Na Yuan Zuofeng Yang Fengxia Lv Lina Dou Xiangqing Li Baokai Zhao Shishan Dong Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 Viruses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) northern China molecular epidemiological investigation genetic evolution recombination analysis |
| title | Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 |
| title_full | Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 |
| title_short | Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021–2023 |
| title_sort | molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in northern china during 2021 2023 |
| topic | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) northern China molecular epidemiological investigation genetic evolution recombination analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/85 |
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