Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study.
Previous research in India has identified urbanisation, human mobility and population demographics as key variables associated with higher district level COVID-19 incidence. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of mobility patterns in rural and urban areas in India, in conjunction with other drivers...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLOS Global Public Health |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003431 |
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| author | Eimear Cleary Fatumah Atuhaire Alessandro Sorichetta Nick Ruktanonchai Cori Ruktanonchai Alexander Cunningham Massimiliano Pasqui Marcello Schiavina Michele Melchiorri Maksym Bondarenko Harry E R Shepherd Sabu S Padmadas Amy Wesolowski Derek A T Cummings Andrew J Tatem Shengjie Lai |
| author_facet | Eimear Cleary Fatumah Atuhaire Alessandro Sorichetta Nick Ruktanonchai Cori Ruktanonchai Alexander Cunningham Massimiliano Pasqui Marcello Schiavina Michele Melchiorri Maksym Bondarenko Harry E R Shepherd Sabu S Padmadas Amy Wesolowski Derek A T Cummings Andrew J Tatem Shengjie Lai |
| author_sort | Eimear Cleary |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Previous research in India has identified urbanisation, human mobility and population demographics as key variables associated with higher district level COVID-19 incidence. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of mobility patterns in rural and urban areas in India, in conjunction with other drivers of COVID-19 transmission, have not been fully investigated. We explored travel networks within India during two pandemic waves using aggregated and anonymized weekly human movement datasets obtained from Google, and quantified changes in mobility before and during the pandemic compared with the mean baseline mobility for the 8-week time period at the beginning of 2020. We fit Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchical models coupled with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) within the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) package in R to examine the lag-response associations of drivers of COVID-19 transmission in urban, suburban and rural districts in India during two pandemic waves in 2020-2021. Model results demonstrate that recovery of mobility to 99% that of pre-pandemic levels was associated with an increase in relative risk of COVID-19 transmission during the Delta wave of transmission. This increased mobility, coupled with reduced stringency in public intervention policy and the emergence of the Delta variant, were the main contributors to the high COVID-19 transmission peak in India in April 2021. During both pandemic waves in India, reduction in human mobility, higher stringency of interventions, and climate factors (temperature and precipitation) had 2-week lag-response impacts on the [Formula: see text] of COVID-19 transmission, with variations in drivers of COVID-19 transmission observed across urban, rural and suburban areas. With the increased likelihood of emergent novel infections and disease outbreaks under a changing global climate, providing a framework for understanding the lagged impact of spatiotemporal drivers of infection transmission will be crucial for informing interventions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5bd4d4ac643b4496ab9a9fcda6a7646b |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2767-3375 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLOS Global Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-5bd4d4ac643b4496ab9a9fcda6a7646b2025-08-20T02:22:25ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLOS Global Public Health2767-33752025-01-0154e000343110.1371/journal.pgph.0003431Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study.Eimear ClearyFatumah AtuhaireAlessandro SorichettaNick RuktanonchaiCori RuktanonchaiAlexander CunninghamMassimiliano PasquiMarcello SchiavinaMichele MelchiorriMaksym BondarenkoHarry E R ShepherdSabu S PadmadasAmy WesolowskiDerek A T CummingsAndrew J TatemShengjie LaiPrevious research in India has identified urbanisation, human mobility and population demographics as key variables associated with higher district level COVID-19 incidence. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of mobility patterns in rural and urban areas in India, in conjunction with other drivers of COVID-19 transmission, have not been fully investigated. We explored travel networks within India during two pandemic waves using aggregated and anonymized weekly human movement datasets obtained from Google, and quantified changes in mobility before and during the pandemic compared with the mean baseline mobility for the 8-week time period at the beginning of 2020. We fit Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchical models coupled with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) within the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) package in R to examine the lag-response associations of drivers of COVID-19 transmission in urban, suburban and rural districts in India during two pandemic waves in 2020-2021. Model results demonstrate that recovery of mobility to 99% that of pre-pandemic levels was associated with an increase in relative risk of COVID-19 transmission during the Delta wave of transmission. This increased mobility, coupled with reduced stringency in public intervention policy and the emergence of the Delta variant, were the main contributors to the high COVID-19 transmission peak in India in April 2021. During both pandemic waves in India, reduction in human mobility, higher stringency of interventions, and climate factors (temperature and precipitation) had 2-week lag-response impacts on the [Formula: see text] of COVID-19 transmission, with variations in drivers of COVID-19 transmission observed across urban, rural and suburban areas. With the increased likelihood of emergent novel infections and disease outbreaks under a changing global climate, providing a framework for understanding the lagged impact of spatiotemporal drivers of infection transmission will be crucial for informing interventions.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003431 |
| spellingShingle | Eimear Cleary Fatumah Atuhaire Alessandro Sorichetta Nick Ruktanonchai Cori Ruktanonchai Alexander Cunningham Massimiliano Pasqui Marcello Schiavina Michele Melchiorri Maksym Bondarenko Harry E R Shepherd Sabu S Padmadas Amy Wesolowski Derek A T Cummings Andrew J Tatem Shengjie Lai Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. PLOS Global Public Health |
| title | Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. |
| title_full | Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. |
| title_fullStr | Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. |
| title_short | Comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on COVID-19 waves in rural and urban India: A Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study. |
| title_sort | comparing lagged impacts of mobility changes and environmental factors on covid 19 waves in rural and urban india a bayesian spatiotemporal modelling study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003431 |
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