Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity
Background: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance in cancer therapy underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Dual enzyme inhibitors, targeting critical kinases such as CDK2 and TRKA, represent a promising strategy. The goal of this investigation was to design, synthesize,...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Mohamed H. Attia Deena S. Lasheen Nermin Samir Azza T. Taher Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz Dalal A. Abou El Ella |
| author_facet | Mohamed H. Attia Deena S. Lasheen Nermin Samir Azza T. Taher Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz Dalal A. Abou El Ella |
| author_sort | Mohamed H. Attia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance in cancer therapy underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Dual enzyme inhibitors, targeting critical kinases such as CDK2 and TRKA, represent a promising strategy. The goal of this investigation was to design, synthesize, and evaluate a set of pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives for their dual inhibition potential toward CDK2 and TRKA kinases, along with their potential antiproliferative against cancer cell lines. Methods: A set of pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives (<b>6a</b>–<b>t</b>, <b>11a</b>–<b>g</b>, and <b>12</b>) was synthesized and subjected to in vitro enzymatic assays to determine their inhibitory activity against CDK2 and TRKA kinases. Selected compounds were further assessed for antiproliferative effects across the set of 60 cell lines from the NCI, representing various human cancer types. Additionally, simulations of molecular docking were conducted to explore the modes of binding for the whole active compounds and compare them with known inhibitors. Results: Compounds <b>6t</b> and <b>6s</b> exhibited potent dual inhibitory activity, showing an IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.09 µM and 0.23 µM against CDK2, and 0.45 µM against TRKA, respectively. These results were comparable to reference inhibitors ribociclib (CDK2, IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.07 µM) and larotrectinib (TRKA, IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.07 µM). Among the studied derivatives, compound <b>6n</b> displayed a notable broad-spectrum anticancer activity, achieving a mean growth inhibition (GI%) of 43.9% across 56 cell lines. Molecular docking simulations revealed that the synthesized compounds adopt modes of binding similar to those of the lead inhibitors. Conclusions<b>:</b> In this study, prepared pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives demonstrated significant potential as dual CDK2/TRKA inhibitors, and showed potent anticancer activity toward diverse cancer cell lines. These findings highlight their potential as key compounds for the design of novel anticancer therapeutics. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5bb2f8142bc140b2bfc8fd6413c1c3402025-08-20T02:01:09ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472024-12-011712166710.3390/ph17121667Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative ActivityMohamed H. Attia0Deena S. Lasheen1Nermin Samir2Azza T. Taher3Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz4Dalal A. Abou El Ella5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), Giza 12585, EgyptPharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, EgyptPharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, EgyptDepartment of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, EgyptDepartment of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, EgyptPharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, EgyptBackground: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance in cancer therapy underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Dual enzyme inhibitors, targeting critical kinases such as CDK2 and TRKA, represent a promising strategy. The goal of this investigation was to design, synthesize, and evaluate a set of pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives for their dual inhibition potential toward CDK2 and TRKA kinases, along with their potential antiproliferative against cancer cell lines. Methods: A set of pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives (<b>6a</b>–<b>t</b>, <b>11a</b>–<b>g</b>, and <b>12</b>) was synthesized and subjected to in vitro enzymatic assays to determine their inhibitory activity against CDK2 and TRKA kinases. Selected compounds were further assessed for antiproliferative effects across the set of 60 cell lines from the NCI, representing various human cancer types. Additionally, simulations of molecular docking were conducted to explore the modes of binding for the whole active compounds and compare them with known inhibitors. Results: Compounds <b>6t</b> and <b>6s</b> exhibited potent dual inhibitory activity, showing an IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.09 µM and 0.23 µM against CDK2, and 0.45 µM against TRKA, respectively. These results were comparable to reference inhibitors ribociclib (CDK2, IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.07 µM) and larotrectinib (TRKA, IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.07 µM). Among the studied derivatives, compound <b>6n</b> displayed a notable broad-spectrum anticancer activity, achieving a mean growth inhibition (GI%) of 43.9% across 56 cell lines. Molecular docking simulations revealed that the synthesized compounds adopt modes of binding similar to those of the lead inhibitors. Conclusions<b>:</b> In this study, prepared pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine derivatives demonstrated significant potential as dual CDK2/TRKA inhibitors, and showed potent anticancer activity toward diverse cancer cell lines. These findings highlight their potential as key compounds for the design of novel anticancer therapeutics.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1667synthesispyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidineanticancer activityTRKACDK2 |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed H. Attia Deena S. Lasheen Nermin Samir Azza T. Taher Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz Dalal A. Abou El Ella Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity Pharmaceuticals synthesis pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine anticancer activity TRKA CDK2 |
| title | Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity |
| title_full | Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity |
| title_fullStr | Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity |
| title_short | Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of CDK2 and TRKA Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity |
| title_sort | design synthesis and molecular modeling of pyrazolo 1 5 i a i pyrimidine derivatives as dual inhibitors of cdk2 and trka kinases with antiproliferative activity |
| topic | synthesis pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine anticancer activity TRKA CDK2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1667 |
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