Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan
Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in northern Taiwan led to the implementation of Level 3 alert measures during 2021 and thereby impacted the air quality significantly, which provided an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the control strategies on air pollutants in the future. T...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220329 |
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| author | Chuan-Hsiu Huang Yi-Ru Ko Tzu-Chi Lin Yu-Hsiang Cheng Yu-Cheng Chen Yu-Chieh Ting |
| author_facet | Chuan-Hsiu Huang Yi-Ru Ko Tzu-Chi Lin Yu-Hsiang Cheng Yu-Cheng Chen Yu-Chieh Ting |
| author_sort | Chuan-Hsiu Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in northern Taiwan led to the implementation of Level 3 alert measures during 2021 and thereby impacted the air quality significantly, which provided an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the control strategies on air pollutants in the future. This study investigated the variations in sources, chemical characteristics and human health risks of PM2.5 comprehensively. The PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased from pre-alert to Level 3 alert by 49.4%, and the inorganic ions, i.e., NH4+, NO3− and SO42−, dropped even more by 71%, 90% and 52%, respectively. Nonetheless, organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) simply decreased by 36% and 13%, which caused the chemical composition of PM2.5 to change so that the carbonaceous matter in PM2.5 dominated instead of the inorganic ions. Correlation-based hierarchical clustering analysis further showed that PM2.5 was clustered with carbonaceous matter during the Level 3 alert, while that clustered with inorganic ions during both pre-alert and post-alert periods. Moreover, 6 sources of PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), in which secondary nitrate (i.e., aging traffic aerosols) exhibited the most significant decrease and yet primary traffic-related emissions, dominated by carbonaceous matter, changed insignificantly. This implied that secondary traffic-related aerosols could be easily controlled when traffic volume declined, while primary traffic source needs more efforts in the future, especially for the reduction of carbonaceous matter. Therefore, cleaner energy for vehicles is still needed. Assessments of both carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk induced by the trace elements in PM2.5 showed insignificant decrease, which can be attributed to the factories that did not shut down during Level 3 alert. This study serves as a metric to underpin the mitigation strategies of air pollution in the future and highlights the importance of carbonaceous matter for the reduction in PM2.5. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5ba4605a39e3441196824f3b3a4a9a46 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-5ba4605a39e3441196824f3b3a4a9a462025-02-09T12:22:49ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092023-03-0123511810.4209/aaqr.220329Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern TaiwanChuan-Hsiu Huang0Yi-Ru Ko1Tzu-Chi Lin2Yu-Hsiang Cheng3Yu-Cheng Chen4Yu-Chieh Ting5Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityGraduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityGraduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityDepartment of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of TechnologyNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research InstitutesGraduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityAbstract The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in northern Taiwan led to the implementation of Level 3 alert measures during 2021 and thereby impacted the air quality significantly, which provided an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the control strategies on air pollutants in the future. This study investigated the variations in sources, chemical characteristics and human health risks of PM2.5 comprehensively. The PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased from pre-alert to Level 3 alert by 49.4%, and the inorganic ions, i.e., NH4+, NO3− and SO42−, dropped even more by 71%, 90% and 52%, respectively. Nonetheless, organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) simply decreased by 36% and 13%, which caused the chemical composition of PM2.5 to change so that the carbonaceous matter in PM2.5 dominated instead of the inorganic ions. Correlation-based hierarchical clustering analysis further showed that PM2.5 was clustered with carbonaceous matter during the Level 3 alert, while that clustered with inorganic ions during both pre-alert and post-alert periods. Moreover, 6 sources of PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), in which secondary nitrate (i.e., aging traffic aerosols) exhibited the most significant decrease and yet primary traffic-related emissions, dominated by carbonaceous matter, changed insignificantly. This implied that secondary traffic-related aerosols could be easily controlled when traffic volume declined, while primary traffic source needs more efforts in the future, especially for the reduction of carbonaceous matter. Therefore, cleaner energy for vehicles is still needed. Assessments of both carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk induced by the trace elements in PM2.5 showed insignificant decrease, which can be attributed to the factories that did not shut down during Level 3 alert. This study serves as a metric to underpin the mitigation strategies of air pollution in the future and highlights the importance of carbonaceous matter for the reduction in PM2.5.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220329COVID-19 Level 3 alertPM2.5Chemical compositionSource apportionmentMitigation strategies |
| spellingShingle | Chuan-Hsiu Huang Yi-Ru Ko Tzu-Chi Lin Yu-Hsiang Cheng Yu-Cheng Chen Yu-Chieh Ting Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan Aerosol and Air Quality Research COVID-19 Level 3 alert PM2.5 Chemical composition Source apportionment Mitigation strategies |
| title | Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan |
| title_full | Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan |
| title_fullStr | Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan |
| title_short | Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan |
| title_sort | implications of the improvement in atmospheric fine particles a case study of covid 19 pandemic in northern taiwan |
| topic | COVID-19 Level 3 alert PM2.5 Chemical composition Source apportionment Mitigation strategies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220329 |
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