Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of several technical lignins against major environmental bacteria that cause mastitis in dairy cattle. The efficacy of four types of technical lignins against environmental mastitis pathogens was evaluated using MIC and MBC assays. The best can...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2904 |
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| author | Godloves M. Oppong Diana C. Reyes Zhengxin Ma Santiago A. Rivera Marjorie A. Killerby Diego Zamudio Anne B. Lichtenwalner Juan J. Romero |
| author_facet | Godloves M. Oppong Diana C. Reyes Zhengxin Ma Santiago A. Rivera Marjorie A. Killerby Diego Zamudio Anne B. Lichtenwalner Juan J. Romero |
| author_sort | Godloves M. Oppong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of several technical lignins against major environmental bacteria that cause mastitis in dairy cattle. The efficacy of four types of technical lignins against environmental mastitis pathogens was evaluated using MIC and MBC assays. The best candidate, sodium lignosulfonate (NaL-O), was further tested using sawdust bedding substrates. Substrates were prepared in different cleanliness conditions: sawdust only, sawdust plus urine, sawdust plus feces, or sawdust plus a combination of both. The antimicrobial activity of NaL-O against the mixture of environmental mastitis-causing pathogens was determined on days 0, 2, and 6 of incubation. In addition, the components of bedding substrates were analyzed to help understand the dynamics of pathogen loads. In the MIC and MBC assays, NaL-O showed the best antimicrobial performance against all pathogens except <i>Escherichia coli</i>. When testing in the bedding substrates, the addition of NaL-O decreased the concentration of <i>Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus uberis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> across all bedding cleanliness levels at d 0, 2, and 6 of incubation. As the incubation time increased, the antimicrobial effect decreased. NaL-O also lowered the counts of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> across all incubation times, but to a lesser extent. The presence of feces significantly reduced the antibacterial effects of NaL-O for these two bacteria. Among the technical lignins tested, NaL-O showed the broadest antibacterial activity against the mastitis pathogens tested. This study suggests that NaL-O has promising potential as a bedding conditioner to control environmental pathogens on dairies due to its low cost, ready availability, and compatibility with sustainable livestock practices. Combined with bedding cleanliness, bedding conditioner application may play a crucial role in reducing the growth of EM pathogens and subsequent mastitis incidence. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5b4824f702f841d2a98229b992a7f9ba |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-5b4824f702f841d2a98229b992a7f9ba2025-08-20T03:08:13ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013014290410.3390/molecules30142904Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In VitroGodloves M. Oppong0Diana C. Reyes1Zhengxin Ma2Santiago A. Rivera3Marjorie A. Killerby4Diego Zamudio5Anne B. Lichtenwalner6Juan J. Romero7Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAMolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAAnimal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAThis study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of several technical lignins against major environmental bacteria that cause mastitis in dairy cattle. The efficacy of four types of technical lignins against environmental mastitis pathogens was evaluated using MIC and MBC assays. The best candidate, sodium lignosulfonate (NaL-O), was further tested using sawdust bedding substrates. Substrates were prepared in different cleanliness conditions: sawdust only, sawdust plus urine, sawdust plus feces, or sawdust plus a combination of both. The antimicrobial activity of NaL-O against the mixture of environmental mastitis-causing pathogens was determined on days 0, 2, and 6 of incubation. In addition, the components of bedding substrates were analyzed to help understand the dynamics of pathogen loads. In the MIC and MBC assays, NaL-O showed the best antimicrobial performance against all pathogens except <i>Escherichia coli</i>. When testing in the bedding substrates, the addition of NaL-O decreased the concentration of <i>Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus uberis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> across all bedding cleanliness levels at d 0, 2, and 6 of incubation. As the incubation time increased, the antimicrobial effect decreased. NaL-O also lowered the counts of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> across all incubation times, but to a lesser extent. The presence of feces significantly reduced the antibacterial effects of NaL-O for these two bacteria. Among the technical lignins tested, NaL-O showed the broadest antibacterial activity against the mastitis pathogens tested. This study suggests that NaL-O has promising potential as a bedding conditioner to control environmental pathogens on dairies due to its low cost, ready availability, and compatibility with sustainable livestock practices. Combined with bedding cleanliness, bedding conditioner application may play a crucial role in reducing the growth of EM pathogens and subsequent mastitis incidence.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2904antimicrobial activitybedding conditionerdairy cattle beddingtechnical lignin |
| spellingShingle | Godloves M. Oppong Diana C. Reyes Zhengxin Ma Santiago A. Rivera Marjorie A. Killerby Diego Zamudio Anne B. Lichtenwalner Juan J. Romero Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro Molecules antimicrobial activity bedding conditioner dairy cattle bedding technical lignin |
| title | Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro |
| title_full | Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro |
| title_fullStr | Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro |
| title_full_unstemmed | Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro |
| title_short | Technical Lignins Antibacterial Effects Against Environmental Mastitis Pathogens Across Various Levels of Bedding Cleanliness In Vitro |
| title_sort | technical lignins antibacterial effects against environmental mastitis pathogens across various levels of bedding cleanliness in vitro |
| topic | antimicrobial activity bedding conditioner dairy cattle bedding technical lignin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2904 |
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