Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature

Passive microwave-based land surface temperature (PMW LST) serves as a significant source for complementary thermal infrared LST, whereas the orbit gaps frequently result in missing data. Up to now, many studies have proposed methods to fill these gaps in PMW LST. However, most of these methods depe...

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Main Authors: Weizhen Ji, Yunhao Chen, Haiping Xia, Han Gao, Lei Zhu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938895/
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author Weizhen Ji
Yunhao Chen
Haiping Xia
Han Gao
Lei Zhu
author_facet Weizhen Ji
Yunhao Chen
Haiping Xia
Han Gao
Lei Zhu
author_sort Weizhen Ji
collection DOAJ
description Passive microwave-based land surface temperature (PMW LST) serves as a significant source for complementary thermal infrared LST, whereas the orbit gaps frequently result in missing data. Up to now, many studies have proposed methods to fill these gaps in PMW LST. However, most of these methods depend on the assumption that the missing LST is similar to that of adjacent days, yet the natural environment changes may lead to this assumption not being established. To address this, we proposed a comprehensive deep-learning model that incorporates three groups of natural variables, including atmosphere, land environment, and radiation, from both the target and adjacent days. Simultaneously, we employ two advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR) LST-based simulated validations and six in-situ measurements to evaluate the model's gap-filling performance. According to the results, the proposed model achieves root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.87 K/1.89 K and 1.69 K/1.71 K for the two AMSR LST-based validations during the daytime/nighttime. Compared with the inverse distance weighted method and an advanced deep learning model, the proposed approach improves 0.27–0.5 K (12.6% –22.6%) and 0.14–0.3 K (6.9% –14.9%) during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Furthermore, based on the results of six in-situ measurements, the gap-filled results gain the average RMSE of 3.7 K and 3.21 K during the daytime and nighttime, respectively. In addition, we find that the land environment and radiation conditions have a stronger impact during the daytime, while atmospheric conditions are more sensitive at night. These findings present a more scientific and effective gap-filling method, potentially enhancing the accuracy of land thermal environment research.
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spelling doaj-art-5b404caa1b404e628dde87666cc42e422025-08-20T02:11:37ZengIEEEIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing1939-14042151-15352025-01-01189682970010.1109/JSTARS.2025.355481010938895Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface TemperatureWeizhen Ji0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-8162Yunhao Chen1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-7303Haiping Xia2https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2396-1038Han Gao3Lei Zhu4State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, ChinaPassive microwave-based land surface temperature (PMW LST) serves as a significant source for complementary thermal infrared LST, whereas the orbit gaps frequently result in missing data. Up to now, many studies have proposed methods to fill these gaps in PMW LST. However, most of these methods depend on the assumption that the missing LST is similar to that of adjacent days, yet the natural environment changes may lead to this assumption not being established. To address this, we proposed a comprehensive deep-learning model that incorporates three groups of natural variables, including atmosphere, land environment, and radiation, from both the target and adjacent days. Simultaneously, we employ two advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR) LST-based simulated validations and six in-situ measurements to evaluate the model's gap-filling performance. According to the results, the proposed model achieves root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.87 K/1.89 K and 1.69 K/1.71 K for the two AMSR LST-based validations during the daytime/nighttime. Compared with the inverse distance weighted method and an advanced deep learning model, the proposed approach improves 0.27–0.5 K (12.6% –22.6%) and 0.14–0.3 K (6.9% –14.9%) during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Furthermore, based on the results of six in-situ measurements, the gap-filled results gain the average RMSE of 3.7 K and 3.21 K during the daytime and nighttime, respectively. In addition, we find that the land environment and radiation conditions have a stronger impact during the daytime, while atmospheric conditions are more sensitive at night. These findings present a more scientific and effective gap-filling method, potentially enhancing the accuracy of land thermal environment research.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938895/AMSR2deep learninggap fillingland surface temperaturepassive microwave
spellingShingle Weizhen Ji
Yunhao Chen
Haiping Xia
Han Gao
Lei Zhu
Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
AMSR2
deep learning
gap filling
land surface temperature
passive microwave
title Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
title_full Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
title_fullStr Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
title_full_unstemmed Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
title_short Jointing Adjacent Environmental Variation Into a Deep Learning Model for Gap-Filling Passive Microwave-Based Land Surface Temperature
title_sort jointing adjacent environmental variation into a deep learning model for gap filling passive microwave based land surface temperature
topic AMSR2
deep learning
gap filling
land surface temperature
passive microwave
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938895/
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