Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions
Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease and a leading cause of visual morbidity. The disease primarily affects the orbital tissue and is characterized by inflammation, expansion of extraocular muscles, a...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1647602/full |
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| author | Lin Wang Linlin Chen |
| author_facet | Lin Wang Linlin Chen |
| author_sort | Lin Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease and a leading cause of visual morbidity. The disease primarily affects the orbital tissue and is characterized by inflammation, expansion of extraocular muscles, and remodeling of orbital fat, resulting in proptosis, diplopia, and even vision loss. Active GO poses significant therapeutic challenges and often requires prompt intervention to preserve visual function and improve quality of life. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the immunopathogenesis of GO, leading to the development of targeted pharmacological therapies that extend beyond traditional systemic corticosteroids. This review summarizes recent advances in the drug therapy of active GO, focusing on novel immunomodulators, biological agents such as monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20, IL-6 R, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and evolving treatment strategies based on disease activity and severity. We also discuss current clinical practice guidelines, emerging therapeutic targets under investigation, and future perspectives in the individualized management of this vision-threatening autoimmune condition. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5b0b70bbbe5a43a9afd4d27cb837acae |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-5b0b70bbbe5a43a9afd4d27cb837acae2025-08-20T03:32:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16476021647602Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventionsLin WangLinlin ChenGraves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease and a leading cause of visual morbidity. The disease primarily affects the orbital tissue and is characterized by inflammation, expansion of extraocular muscles, and remodeling of orbital fat, resulting in proptosis, diplopia, and even vision loss. Active GO poses significant therapeutic challenges and often requires prompt intervention to preserve visual function and improve quality of life. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the immunopathogenesis of GO, leading to the development of targeted pharmacological therapies that extend beyond traditional systemic corticosteroids. This review summarizes recent advances in the drug therapy of active GO, focusing on novel immunomodulators, biological agents such as monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20, IL-6 R, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and evolving treatment strategies based on disease activity and severity. We also discuss current clinical practice guidelines, emerging therapeutic targets under investigation, and future perspectives in the individualized management of this vision-threatening autoimmune condition.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1647602/fullgraves’ ophthalmopathycorticosteroidsimmunosuppressantsteprotumumabdrug therapy |
| spellingShingle | Lin Wang Linlin Chen Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions Frontiers in Immunology graves’ ophthalmopathy corticosteroids immunosuppressants teprotumumab drug therapy |
| title | Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions |
| title_full | Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions |
| title_fullStr | Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions |
| title_short | Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves’ ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions |
| title_sort | emerging therapeutic approaches in graves ophthalmopathy an update on pharmacological interventions |
| topic | graves’ ophthalmopathy corticosteroids immunosuppressants teprotumumab drug therapy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1647602/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT linwang emergingtherapeuticapproachesingravesophthalmopathyanupdateonpharmacologicalinterventions AT linlinchen emergingtherapeuticapproachesingravesophthalmopathyanupdateonpharmacologicalinterventions |