A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia

The early introduction of strict measures during the first wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia resulted in a low number of fatal cases. Most of them (27/28) were autopsied with microscopic evaluation focusing on changes in the lungs. The average age of the patients was 79. The most common microscopic findi...

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Main Authors: Lucia Krivosikova, Michal Palkovic, Pavol Janega, Kristina Mikus Kuracinova, Andrea Janegova, Pavel Babal
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:COVID
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8112/5/3/29
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author Lucia Krivosikova
Michal Palkovic
Pavol Janega
Kristina Mikus Kuracinova
Andrea Janegova
Pavel Babal
author_facet Lucia Krivosikova
Michal Palkovic
Pavol Janega
Kristina Mikus Kuracinova
Andrea Janegova
Pavel Babal
author_sort Lucia Krivosikova
collection DOAJ
description The early introduction of strict measures during the first wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia resulted in a low number of fatal cases. Most of them (27/28) were autopsied with microscopic evaluation focusing on changes in the lungs. The average age of the patients was 79. The most common microscopic finding was diffuse alveolar damage in various stages. There were statistically significant relationships between microthrombi and neutrophil count, level of C-reactive protein, and immobility. Oxygen therapy, as a factor that might cause changes typical for diffuse alveolar damage, showed statistically significant relationships with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, alveolar capillaritis, alveolar bleeding, and pneumocyte hyperplasia. Hyaline membranes showed a statistically significant relationship with monocyte count, and borderline statistically significant relationships with platelet count and antimalarial therapy. The level of C-reactive protein and neutrophil count seemed to be useful for predicting microthrombi formation. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant relationships between microthrombosis and anticoagulant therapy, platelet count, or level of D-dimer.
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spelling doaj-art-5adf9014a134472b9b8e4a9c83abc0942025-08-20T02:42:42ZengMDPI AGCOVID2673-81122025-02-01532910.3390/covid5030029A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in SlovakiaLucia Krivosikova0Michal Palkovic1Pavol Janega2Kristina Mikus Kuracinova3Andrea Janegova4Pavel Babal5Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, SlovakiaThe early introduction of strict measures during the first wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia resulted in a low number of fatal cases. Most of them (27/28) were autopsied with microscopic evaluation focusing on changes in the lungs. The average age of the patients was 79. The most common microscopic finding was diffuse alveolar damage in various stages. There were statistically significant relationships between microthrombi and neutrophil count, level of C-reactive protein, and immobility. Oxygen therapy, as a factor that might cause changes typical for diffuse alveolar damage, showed statistically significant relationships with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, alveolar capillaritis, alveolar bleeding, and pneumocyte hyperplasia. Hyaline membranes showed a statistically significant relationship with monocyte count, and borderline statistically significant relationships with platelet count and antimalarial therapy. The level of C-reactive protein and neutrophil count seemed to be useful for predicting microthrombi formation. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant relationships between microthrombosis and anticoagulant therapy, platelet count, or level of D-dimer.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8112/5/3/29COVID-19autopsyDADmicrothrombifirst wave
spellingShingle Lucia Krivosikova
Michal Palkovic
Pavol Janega
Kristina Mikus Kuracinova
Andrea Janegova
Pavel Babal
A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
COVID
COVID-19
autopsy
DAD
microthrombi
first wave
title A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
title_full A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
title_fullStr A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
title_full_unstemmed A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
title_short A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Slovakia
title_sort comprehensive clinicopathological analysis of the first wave of covid 19 in slovakia
topic COVID-19
autopsy
DAD
microthrombi
first wave
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8112/5/3/29
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