Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty

The engagement of emerging market participants in electricity markets exerts dual influences on price formation mechanisms and operational dynamics. To quantify the impacts on locational marginal prices and stakeholders’ economic interests when EV aggregators (EVAs), cloud energy storage operators (...

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Main Authors: Zhonghai Sun, Runyi Pi, Junjie Yang, Chao Yang, Xin Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/2006
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author Zhonghai Sun
Runyi Pi
Junjie Yang
Chao Yang
Xin Chen
author_facet Zhonghai Sun
Runyi Pi
Junjie Yang
Chao Yang
Xin Chen
author_sort Zhonghai Sun
collection DOAJ
description The engagement of emerging market participants in electricity markets exerts dual influences on price formation mechanisms and operational dynamics. To quantify the impacts on locational marginal prices and stakeholders’ economic interests when EV aggregators (EVAs), cloud energy storage operators (CESSOs), and load aggregators (LAs) collectively participate in market competition, this study develops a bi-level game-theoretic framework for market equilibrium analysis. The proposed architecture comprises two interdependent layers: The upper-layer Stackelberg game coordinates strategic interactions among EVA, LA, and CESSO to mitigate bidding uncertainties through cooperative mechanisms. The lower-layer non-cooperative Nash game models competition patterns to determine market equilibria under multi-agent participation. A hybrid solution methodology integrating nonlinear complementarity formulations with genetic algorithm-based optimization was developed. Extensive numerical case studies validate the methodological efficacy, demonstrating improvements in solution optimality and computational efficiency compared to conventional approaches.
format Article
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institution OA Journals
issn 1996-1073
language English
publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Energies
spelling doaj-art-5aaf4043fef746ec91eed89e2c532dbb2025-08-20T02:28:33ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-04-01188200610.3390/en18082006Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering UncertaintyZhonghai Sun0Runyi Pi1Junjie Yang2Chao Yang3Xin Chen4School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThe engagement of emerging market participants in electricity markets exerts dual influences on price formation mechanisms and operational dynamics. To quantify the impacts on locational marginal prices and stakeholders’ economic interests when EV aggregators (EVAs), cloud energy storage operators (CESSOs), and load aggregators (LAs) collectively participate in market competition, this study develops a bi-level game-theoretic framework for market equilibrium analysis. The proposed architecture comprises two interdependent layers: The upper-layer Stackelberg game coordinates strategic interactions among EVA, LA, and CESSO to mitigate bidding uncertainties through cooperative mechanisms. The lower-layer non-cooperative Nash game models competition patterns to determine market equilibria under multi-agent participation. A hybrid solution methodology integrating nonlinear complementarity formulations with genetic algorithm-based optimization was developed. Extensive numerical case studies validate the methodological efficacy, demonstrating improvements in solution optimality and computational efficiency compared to conventional approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/2006electric vehicle aggregatorcloud energy storage system operatorload aggregatorscene reduction methodelectricity market equilibrium
spellingShingle Zhonghai Sun
Runyi Pi
Junjie Yang
Chao Yang
Xin Chen
Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
Energies
electric vehicle aggregator
cloud energy storage system operator
load aggregator
scene reduction method
electricity market equilibrium
title Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
title_full Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
title_fullStr Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
title_full_unstemmed Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
title_short Equilibrium Analysis of Electricity Market with Multi-Agents Considering Uncertainty
title_sort equilibrium analysis of electricity market with multi agents considering uncertainty
topic electric vehicle aggregator
cloud energy storage system operator
load aggregator
scene reduction method
electricity market equilibrium
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/2006
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AT runyipi equilibriumanalysisofelectricitymarketwithmultiagentsconsideringuncertainty
AT junjieyang equilibriumanalysisofelectricitymarketwithmultiagentsconsideringuncertainty
AT chaoyang equilibriumanalysisofelectricitymarketwithmultiagentsconsideringuncertainty
AT xinchen equilibriumanalysisofelectricitymarketwithmultiagentsconsideringuncertainty