Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>)
The interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K is crucial for regulating bone metabolism and maintaining calcium homeostasis across diverse animal species due to their complementary roles in calcium metabolism and bone health. However, research on this interaction of vitamin D and K in fish, partic...
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2024-09-01
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| author | Ulaganathan Sivagurunathan Marisol Izquierdo Yiyen Tseng Philip Antony Jesu Prabhu María Jesús Zamorano Lidia Robaina David Domínguez |
| author_facet | Ulaganathan Sivagurunathan Marisol Izquierdo Yiyen Tseng Philip Antony Jesu Prabhu María Jesús Zamorano Lidia Robaina David Domínguez |
| author_sort | Ulaganathan Sivagurunathan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K is crucial for regulating bone metabolism and maintaining calcium homeostasis across diverse animal species due to their complementary roles in calcium metabolism and bone health. However, research on this interaction of vitamin D and K in fish, particularly Mediterranean species like gilthead seabream, is limited or not studied. This study aimed to understand the effects of different dietary combinations of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and K<sub>3</sub> on juvenile gilthead seabream. Accordingly, seabream juveniles were fed with varying combinations of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/vitamin K<sub>3</sub> (mg/kg diet) for 3 months: (0.07/0.01), (0.20/0.58), (0.19/1.65), (0.51/0.74), (0.56/1.00). At the end of the trial, survival, growth, body morphology, serum calcitriol, and vertebral mineral composition remained unaffected by varying vitamin levels, while gene expression patterns related to bone formation, resorption, and calcium regulation in various tissues were significantly influenced by both vitamins and their interaction. Gilthead seabream juveniles fed the 0.07/0.01 mg/kg diet upregulated calcium-regulating genes in the gills, indicating an effort to enhance calcium absorption to compensate for dietary deficiencies. Conversely, an increase in vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and K<sub>3</sub> up to 0.19 and 1.65 mg/kg, respectively, upregulated bone formation, bone remodeling, and calcium homeostasis-related gene expression in vertebra and other tissues. On the contrary, a dietary increase in these vitamins up to 0.56 mg/kg vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and 1.00 mg/kg vitamin K<sub>3</sub> downregulated calcium metabolism-related genes in tissues, suggesting an adverse interaction resulting from elevated levels of these vitamins in the diet. Hence, sustaining an equilibrium in the dietary intake of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and vitamin K<sub>3</sub>, in an appropriately combined form, may potentially induce interactions between the vitamins, contributing to favorable effects on bone development and calcium regulation in gilthead seabream juveniles. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5a5bab50eba848ce8ebdf968cc6194eb2025-08-20T01:47:44ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152024-09-011419280810.3390/ani14192808Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>)Ulaganathan Sivagurunathan0Marisol Izquierdo1Yiyen Tseng2Philip Antony Jesu Prabhu3María Jesús Zamorano4Lidia Robaina5David Domínguez6Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainGrupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainGrupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainInstitute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Nutrition Program, 5005 Bergen, NorwayGrupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainGrupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainGrupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, SpainThe interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K is crucial for regulating bone metabolism and maintaining calcium homeostasis across diverse animal species due to their complementary roles in calcium metabolism and bone health. However, research on this interaction of vitamin D and K in fish, particularly Mediterranean species like gilthead seabream, is limited or not studied. This study aimed to understand the effects of different dietary combinations of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and K<sub>3</sub> on juvenile gilthead seabream. Accordingly, seabream juveniles were fed with varying combinations of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/vitamin K<sub>3</sub> (mg/kg diet) for 3 months: (0.07/0.01), (0.20/0.58), (0.19/1.65), (0.51/0.74), (0.56/1.00). At the end of the trial, survival, growth, body morphology, serum calcitriol, and vertebral mineral composition remained unaffected by varying vitamin levels, while gene expression patterns related to bone formation, resorption, and calcium regulation in various tissues were significantly influenced by both vitamins and their interaction. Gilthead seabream juveniles fed the 0.07/0.01 mg/kg diet upregulated calcium-regulating genes in the gills, indicating an effort to enhance calcium absorption to compensate for dietary deficiencies. Conversely, an increase in vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and K<sub>3</sub> up to 0.19 and 1.65 mg/kg, respectively, upregulated bone formation, bone remodeling, and calcium homeostasis-related gene expression in vertebra and other tissues. On the contrary, a dietary increase in these vitamins up to 0.56 mg/kg vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and 1.00 mg/kg vitamin K<sub>3</sub> downregulated calcium metabolism-related genes in tissues, suggesting an adverse interaction resulting from elevated levels of these vitamins in the diet. Hence, sustaining an equilibrium in the dietary intake of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and vitamin K<sub>3</sub>, in an appropriately combined form, may potentially induce interactions between the vitamins, contributing to favorable effects on bone development and calcium regulation in gilthead seabream juveniles.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/19/2808vitamin D<sub>3</sub>vitamin K<sub>3</sub>gilthead seabreambone biomarkerskeletal anomaliescalcium regulating genes |
| spellingShingle | Ulaganathan Sivagurunathan Marisol Izquierdo Yiyen Tseng Philip Antony Jesu Prabhu María Jesús Zamorano Lidia Robaina David Domínguez Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) Animals vitamin D<sub>3</sub> vitamin K<sub>3</sub> gilthead seabream bone biomarker skeletal anomalies calcium regulating genes |
| title | Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_full | Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_short | Effects of the Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, and Expression of Bone and Calcium Metabolism-Related Genes in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_sort | effects of the interaction between dietary vitamin d sub 3 sub and vitamin k sub 3 sub on growth skeletal anomalies and expression of bone and calcium metabolism related genes in juvenile gilthead seabream i sparus aurata i |
| topic | vitamin D<sub>3</sub> vitamin K<sub>3</sub> gilthead seabream bone biomarker skeletal anomalies calcium regulating genes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/19/2808 |
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