Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective comb...
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| author | Laura Bashor Jennifer E. Rawlinson Christopher P. Kozakiewicz Elisa Behzadi Craig Miller Jeffrey Kim Megan Cierzan Mary Nehring Scott Carver Zaid Abdo Sue VandeWoude |
| author_facet | Laura Bashor Jennifer E. Rawlinson Christopher P. Kozakiewicz Elisa Behzadi Craig Miller Jeffrey Kim Megan Cierzan Mary Nehring Scott Carver Zaid Abdo Sue VandeWoude |
| author_sort | Laura Bashor |
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| description | Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), though certain oral manifestations persist despite therapy. Microorganisms associated with oral cavity opportunistic infections in patients with HIV cause similar pathologies in cats. To further develop this model, we evaluated characteristics of feline oral health and the oral microbiome during experimental FIV infection over an 8-month period following cART. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we evaluated gingival bacterial communities at four timepoints in uninfected and FIV-infected cats treated with either cART or placebo. Comprehensive oral examinations were also conducted by a veterinary dental specialist over the experimental period. Gingival inflammation was higher in FIV-infected cats treated with placebo compared to cART-treated cats and the controls at the study endpoint. Oral microbiome alpha diversity increased in all groups, while beta diversity differed among treatment groups, documenting a significant effect of cART therapy on microbiome community composition. This finding has not previously been reported, and indicates cART ameliorates immunodeficiency virus-associated oral disease via the preservation of oral mucosal microbiota. Further, this study illustrates the value of the FIV animal model for investigations of mechanistic associations and therapeutic interventions for HIV’s oral manifestations. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5a330746d78a4e939bbe9976b24739012025-08-20T02:03:32ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-02-0117225710.3390/v17020257Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive CatsLaura Bashor0Jennifer E. Rawlinson1Christopher P. Kozakiewicz2Elisa Behzadi3Craig Miller4Jeffrey Kim5Megan Cierzan6Mary Nehring7Scott Carver8Zaid Abdo9Sue VandeWoude10Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAW.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USAComparative Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAOdum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), though certain oral manifestations persist despite therapy. Microorganisms associated with oral cavity opportunistic infections in patients with HIV cause similar pathologies in cats. To further develop this model, we evaluated characteristics of feline oral health and the oral microbiome during experimental FIV infection over an 8-month period following cART. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we evaluated gingival bacterial communities at four timepoints in uninfected and FIV-infected cats treated with either cART or placebo. Comprehensive oral examinations were also conducted by a veterinary dental specialist over the experimental period. Gingival inflammation was higher in FIV-infected cats treated with placebo compared to cART-treated cats and the controls at the study endpoint. Oral microbiome alpha diversity increased in all groups, while beta diversity differed among treatment groups, documenting a significant effect of cART therapy on microbiome community composition. This finding has not previously been reported, and indicates cART ameliorates immunodeficiency virus-associated oral disease via the preservation of oral mucosal microbiota. Further, this study illustrates the value of the FIV animal model for investigations of mechanistic associations and therapeutic interventions for HIV’s oral manifestations.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/2/257feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)periodontitisgingivitisoral microbiomeantiretroviral therapy |
| spellingShingle | Laura Bashor Jennifer E. Rawlinson Christopher P. Kozakiewicz Elisa Behzadi Craig Miller Jeffrey Kim Megan Cierzan Mary Nehring Scott Carver Zaid Abdo Sue VandeWoude Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats Viruses feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) periodontitis gingivitis oral microbiome antiretroviral therapy |
| title | Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats |
| title_full | Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats |
| title_short | Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats |
| title_sort | impacts of antiretroviral therapy on the oral microbiome and periodontal health of feline immunodeficiency virus positive cats |
| topic | feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) periodontitis gingivitis oral microbiome antiretroviral therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/2/257 |
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