Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy

Abstract This study aims to investigate associations between PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 and maternal thyroid hormones. We investigated 443 pregnant women in Zhejiang, China with repeated examinations of serum thyroid hormones at 10, 17, and 32 weeks. Individual exposures to ambient air pollution were retr...

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Main Authors: Fanjia Guo, Xinhui Pan, Simeng Gu, Qinghua Xu, Jiafu Duan, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhijian Chen, Qiuli Fu, Guangming Mao, Peiwei Xu, Dandan Xu, Xuemin Huang, Yahui Li, Yujie Jiang, Chenyang Liu, Zhe Mo
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Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09126-4
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author Fanjia Guo
Xinhui Pan
Simeng Gu
Qinghua Xu
Jiafu Duan
Xiaofeng Wang
Zhijian Chen
Qiuli Fu
Guangming Mao
Peiwei Xu
Dandan Xu
Xuemin Huang
Yahui Li
Yujie Jiang
Chenyang Liu
Zhe Mo
author_facet Fanjia Guo
Xinhui Pan
Simeng Gu
Qinghua Xu
Jiafu Duan
Xiaofeng Wang
Zhijian Chen
Qiuli Fu
Guangming Mao
Peiwei Xu
Dandan Xu
Xuemin Huang
Yahui Li
Yujie Jiang
Chenyang Liu
Zhe Mo
author_sort Fanjia Guo
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study aims to investigate associations between PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 and maternal thyroid hormones. We investigated 443 pregnant women in Zhejiang, China with repeated examinations of serum thyroid hormones at 10, 17, and 32 weeks. Individual exposures to ambient air pollution were retrospectively calculated by inverse distance weighting interpolation. Multivariate linear mixed models were applied to estimate the association between air pollutants and thyroid hormones. PM10 exposure was positively associated with TSH (β: 0.077 [95% CI: 0.003, 0.152]), and negatively associated with FT3 (β: -0.041 [-0.057, -0.025]) and FT4 (β: -0.036 [-0.055, -0.017]) during the 0–90 lag days (per IQR). Similarly, increased exposure to PM2.5 was associated with decreased FT3 (β: -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001]), and increased Tg (β: 0.147 [0.025, 0.269]). Evaluated NO2 levels were associated with decreased FT3 (β: -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014]) and FT4 (β: -0.036 [-0.052, -0.020]), as well as increased Tg (β: 0.129 [0.011, 0.247]). The results indicate that exposure to ambient PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 throughout the entire pregnancy adversely affects thyroid hormones, implying potential health implications of air pollution on maternal thyroid function.
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spelling doaj-art-5a15195ade9544239432d66c021d5a3f2025-08-20T03:45:28ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111010.1038/s41598-025-09126-4Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancyFanjia Guo0Xinhui Pan1Simeng Gu2Qinghua Xu3Jiafu Duan4Xiaofeng Wang5Zhijian Chen6Qiuli Fu7Guangming Mao8Peiwei Xu9Dandan Xu10Xuemin Huang11Yahui Li12Yujie Jiang13Chenyang Liu14Zhe Mo15Department of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangshan Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangshan Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionEye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye DiseasesDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionDepartment of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionAbstract This study aims to investigate associations between PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 and maternal thyroid hormones. We investigated 443 pregnant women in Zhejiang, China with repeated examinations of serum thyroid hormones at 10, 17, and 32 weeks. Individual exposures to ambient air pollution were retrospectively calculated by inverse distance weighting interpolation. Multivariate linear mixed models were applied to estimate the association between air pollutants and thyroid hormones. PM10 exposure was positively associated with TSH (β: 0.077 [95% CI: 0.003, 0.152]), and negatively associated with FT3 (β: -0.041 [-0.057, -0.025]) and FT4 (β: -0.036 [-0.055, -0.017]) during the 0–90 lag days (per IQR). Similarly, increased exposure to PM2.5 was associated with decreased FT3 (β: -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001]), and increased Tg (β: 0.147 [0.025, 0.269]). Evaluated NO2 levels were associated with decreased FT3 (β: -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014]) and FT4 (β: -0.036 [-0.052, -0.020]), as well as increased Tg (β: 0.129 [0.011, 0.247]). The results indicate that exposure to ambient PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 throughout the entire pregnancy adversely affects thyroid hormones, implying potential health implications of air pollution on maternal thyroid function.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09126-4Thyroid hormonesAir pollutionInverse distance weightingMaternal thyroid functionPregnancy
spellingShingle Fanjia Guo
Xinhui Pan
Simeng Gu
Qinghua Xu
Jiafu Duan
Xiaofeng Wang
Zhijian Chen
Qiuli Fu
Guangming Mao
Peiwei Xu
Dandan Xu
Xuemin Huang
Yahui Li
Yujie Jiang
Chenyang Liu
Zhe Mo
Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
Scientific Reports
Thyroid hormones
Air pollution
Inverse distance weighting
Maternal thyroid function
Pregnancy
title Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
title_full Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
title_fullStr Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
title_full_unstemmed Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
title_short Association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
title_sort association of ambient air pollutants with maternal thyroid hormones during the entire pregnancy
topic Thyroid hormones
Air pollution
Inverse distance weighting
Maternal thyroid function
Pregnancy
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09126-4
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