From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ongoing Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14th August 2024, this being the second time, with Mpox previously being declared a PHEIC during the 2022-2023 outbreak. Mpox is a zoono...

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Main Authors: Omar Irfan, Muskaan Abdul Qadir, Aqsa Amjad, Mohammad Aadil Qamar, Syed Faisal Mahmood
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: ziauddin University 2025-07-01
Series:Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3581
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author Omar Irfan
Muskaan Abdul Qadir
Aqsa Amjad
Mohammad Aadil Qamar
Syed Faisal Mahmood
author_facet Omar Irfan
Muskaan Abdul Qadir
Aqsa Amjad
Mohammad Aadil Qamar
Syed Faisal Mahmood
author_sort Omar Irfan
collection DOAJ
description The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ongoing Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14th August 2024, this being the second time, with Mpox previously being declared a PHEIC during the 2022-2023 outbreak. Mpox is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a similar clinical presentation to smallpox but a notably lower mortality rate. Before the 2022 outbreak, Mpox was a rare and neglected disease, which has now drawn global attention once the cases started emerging in countries outside Africa. The WHO has stressed the importance of a coordinated response on the international front to control and contain the Mpox outbreaks in the DRC and neighboring countries in Africa. Through this narrative review, the authors aim to consolidate evidence on the Mpox virus, characteristics of its infection, treatment and prevention strategies, a review of past and current Mpox outbreaks, challenges in containing the spread of the epidemic including access to vaccines in low-income nations and vulnerable populations, and any relevant learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic that could be implemented.
format Article
id doaj-art-5a12249c82474b3dae62ff2fcdedabf1
institution Kabale University
issn 2313-7371
2308-2593
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher ziauddin University
record_format Article
series Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry
spelling doaj-art-5a12249c82474b3dae62ff2fcdedabf12025-08-20T03:30:15Zengziauddin UniversityPakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry2313-73712308-25932025-07-0114310.36283/ziun-pjmd14-3/081From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox DynamicsOmar Irfan0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-1456Muskaan Abdul Qadir1Aqsa Amjad2Mohammad Aadil Qamar3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-6901Syed Faisal Mahmood4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-7659Aga Khan University HospitalAga Khan University HospitalAga Khan University HospitalAga Khan University HospitalAga Khan University Hospital The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ongoing Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14th August 2024, this being the second time, with Mpox previously being declared a PHEIC during the 2022-2023 outbreak. Mpox is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a similar clinical presentation to smallpox but a notably lower mortality rate. Before the 2022 outbreak, Mpox was a rare and neglected disease, which has now drawn global attention once the cases started emerging in countries outside Africa. The WHO has stressed the importance of a coordinated response on the international front to control and contain the Mpox outbreaks in the DRC and neighboring countries in Africa. Through this narrative review, the authors aim to consolidate evidence on the Mpox virus, characteristics of its infection, treatment and prevention strategies, a review of past and current Mpox outbreaks, challenges in containing the spread of the epidemic including access to vaccines in low-income nations and vulnerable populations, and any relevant learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic that could be implemented. https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3581Monkey poxMpoxOutbreakTransmissionEndemicVirus
spellingShingle Omar Irfan
Muskaan Abdul Qadir
Aqsa Amjad
Mohammad Aadil Qamar
Syed Faisal Mahmood
From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry
Monkey pox
Mpox
Outbreak
Transmission
Endemic
Virus
title From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
title_full From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
title_fullStr From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
title_full_unstemmed From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
title_short From Endemic to a Global Concern Once Again: A Review of Evolving Monkeypox Dynamics
title_sort from endemic to a global concern once again a review of evolving monkeypox dynamics
topic Monkey pox
Mpox
Outbreak
Transmission
Endemic
Virus
url https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3581
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