Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species
This study investigated the use of different protein materials to produce formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for plywood production. Biomass from various sources offers a steady supply of raw materials that could encourage wider use. The aim of the study was therefore to find proteins that are natural...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001215 |
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| author | Bernardo Grossi Benedetto Pizzo Francesco Siano Antonio Varriale Rosanna Mabilia |
| author_facet | Bernardo Grossi Benedetto Pizzo Francesco Siano Antonio Varriale Rosanna Mabilia |
| author_sort | Bernardo Grossi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the use of different protein materials to produce formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for plywood production. Biomass from various sources offers a steady supply of raw materials that could encourage wider use. The aim of the study was therefore to find proteins that are naturally high performing without needing costly pre-treatment (e.g., purification or physical processes), in order to reduce costs. Materials from seven plants (soybean, cotton, hemp, carob, grape, maize, and jatropha) were analysed for water resistance and mechanical strength in dry and wet conditions using wood-wood joints (WWJ) and the tests used to characterise plywood. The proteins were tested alone and with polyamide-amine epichlorohydrin (PAE), and blends of different proteins were also evaluated.The results showed that drying conditions affected the insoluble fraction (InFr) and shear strength in WWJ, with variations related to protein content and carbohydrate composition. Protein-rich materials (e.g., soybean isolate) generally exhibited higher dry shear strengths (>10 N/mm²) compared to materials with lower protein content (<7 N/mm²). Wet strengths were generally low or even absent for flours and concentrates. Jatropha concentrate was a notable exception, achieving D3 adhesive classification even without additives. PAE treatment significantly increased wet shear strengths, often exceeding 2 MPa (the minimum for D3 adhesives). Flours and concentrates (except soybean flour) showed the highest strengths (≥3 MPa). PAE probably interacted with both proteins and carbohydrates to improve performance. Moreover, the study showed that protein materials can be blended to enhance adhesive strength, potentially reaching the levels of the best-performing formulations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5a11b06250044166b8c9ced45787981d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-5a11b06250044166b8c9ced45787981d2025-01-18T05:05:09ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-03-0125104033Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant speciesBernardo Grossi0Benedetto Pizzo1Francesco Siano2Antonio Varriale3Rosanna Mabilia4CNR-IBE, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Bioeconomy, via Madonna del Piano, 10. I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), ItalyCNR-IBE, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Bioeconomy, via Madonna del Piano, 10. I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; Corresponding author.CNR-ISA, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Food Sciences, Via Roma, 64, I-83100, Avellino, ItalyCNR-ISA, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Food Sciences, Via Roma, 64, I-83100, Avellino, ItalyCNR-IBE, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Bioeconomy, via dei Taurini, 19, I-00185, Roma, (RM), ItalyThis study investigated the use of different protein materials to produce formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for plywood production. Biomass from various sources offers a steady supply of raw materials that could encourage wider use. The aim of the study was therefore to find proteins that are naturally high performing without needing costly pre-treatment (e.g., purification or physical processes), in order to reduce costs. Materials from seven plants (soybean, cotton, hemp, carob, grape, maize, and jatropha) were analysed for water resistance and mechanical strength in dry and wet conditions using wood-wood joints (WWJ) and the tests used to characterise plywood. The proteins were tested alone and with polyamide-amine epichlorohydrin (PAE), and blends of different proteins were also evaluated.The results showed that drying conditions affected the insoluble fraction (InFr) and shear strength in WWJ, with variations related to protein content and carbohydrate composition. Protein-rich materials (e.g., soybean isolate) generally exhibited higher dry shear strengths (>10 N/mm²) compared to materials with lower protein content (<7 N/mm²). Wet strengths were generally low or even absent for flours and concentrates. Jatropha concentrate was a notable exception, achieving D3 adhesive classification even without additives. PAE treatment significantly increased wet shear strengths, often exceeding 2 MPa (the minimum for D3 adhesives). Flours and concentrates (except soybean flour) showed the highest strengths (≥3 MPa). PAE probably interacted with both proteins and carbohydrates to improve performance. Moreover, the study showed that protein materials can be blended to enhance adhesive strength, potentially reaching the levels of the best-performing formulations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001215Sustainable wood adhesivesEnvironmentally friendly productsLow toxic gluesPlywoodWood panelsProtein crosslinker |
| spellingShingle | Bernardo Grossi Benedetto Pizzo Francesco Siano Antonio Varriale Rosanna Mabilia Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species Results in Engineering Sustainable wood adhesives Environmentally friendly products Low toxic glues Plywood Wood panels Protein crosslinker |
| title | Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| title_full | Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| title_fullStr | Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| title_short | Formaldehyde-free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| title_sort | formaldehyde free wood adhesives based on protein materials from various plant species |
| topic | Sustainable wood adhesives Environmentally friendly products Low toxic glues Plywood Wood panels Protein crosslinker |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001215 |
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