Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico
Abstract This research investigates the concentrations, sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 $$\mu$$ m or less (PM $$_{10}$$ ) from critical urban centers in northern Mexico: Metropolit...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83142-8 |
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| author | Lucy T. González Ilse María Hernández-Romero Alberto Mendoza Aldo I. Ramirez Yasmany Mancilla Boris Kharissov Michael Pérez-Rodríguez Juan Manuel Alfaro Barbosa Daniel López Serna Oxana Kharissova Andrea Nucamendi Jesús Abraham Díaz Paéz Francisco E. Longoria |
| author_facet | Lucy T. González Ilse María Hernández-Romero Alberto Mendoza Aldo I. Ramirez Yasmany Mancilla Boris Kharissov Michael Pérez-Rodríguez Juan Manuel Alfaro Barbosa Daniel López Serna Oxana Kharissova Andrea Nucamendi Jesús Abraham Díaz Paéz Francisco E. Longoria |
| author_sort | Lucy T. González |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This research investigates the concentrations, sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 $$\mu$$ m or less (PM $$_{10}$$ ) from critical urban centers in northern Mexico: Metropolitan Monterrey Area (MMA), Chihuahua (CHI), and Ciudad Juárez (CDJ). Advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-NCI-MS) revealed significant PAHs concentrations, with levels in MMA reaching 108.89 ± 99.90 ng/m $$^3$$ , CHI at 100.69 ± 122.60 ng/m $$^3$$ and CDJ at 73.26 ± 90.85 ng/m $$^3$$ . Significantly, 3-nitrofluoranthene (3N-FLA) and 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), known for their potent toxicity, were among the most prominent NPAHs, with total concentrations in MMA, CHI, and CDJ at 470.32 pg/m $$^3$$ , 247.26 pg/m $$^3$$ , and 193.20 pg/m $$^3$$ , respectively. Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that biomass burning, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities were the primary sources of MMA. At the same time, CHI and CDJ were influenced more by industrial and diesel emissions. Health risk assessments based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and excess cancer risk (ECR) demonstrated moderate to significant cancer risks, with CDJ exhibiting the highest NPAHs-related risk. This study makes several significant contributions: it presents the first analysis of PAHs and NPAHs levels in these urban areas, identifies key emission sources, and quantifies associated health risks, providing essential data for developing targeted public health policies and environmental regulations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-59ecc5db520647da9085e7e268a38f5e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-59ecc5db520647da9085e7e268a38f5e2025-01-05T12:29:15ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-12-0114112010.1038/s41598-024-83142-8Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern MexicoLucy T. González0Ilse María Hernández-Romero1Alberto Mendoza2Aldo I. Ramirez3Yasmany Mancilla4Boris Kharissov5Michael Pérez-Rodríguez6Juan Manuel Alfaro Barbosa7Daniel López Serna8Oxana Kharissova9Andrea Nucamendi10Jesús Abraham Díaz Paéz11Francisco E. Longoria12Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro del AguaTecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable ManufacturingTecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y CienciasTecnologico de Monterrey, Centro del AguaTecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y CienciasFacultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonTecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y CienciasFacultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonFacultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonCentro de Innovacion, Investgacion y Desarrollo en Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Facultad de Fisicomatematicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonTecnologico de Monterrey, Centro del AguaTecnologico de Monterrey, Centro del AguaCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad MonterreyAbstract This research investigates the concentrations, sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 $$\mu$$ m or less (PM $$_{10}$$ ) from critical urban centers in northern Mexico: Metropolitan Monterrey Area (MMA), Chihuahua (CHI), and Ciudad Juárez (CDJ). Advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-NCI-MS) revealed significant PAHs concentrations, with levels in MMA reaching 108.89 ± 99.90 ng/m $$^3$$ , CHI at 100.69 ± 122.60 ng/m $$^3$$ and CDJ at 73.26 ± 90.85 ng/m $$^3$$ . Significantly, 3-nitrofluoranthene (3N-FLA) and 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), known for their potent toxicity, were among the most prominent NPAHs, with total concentrations in MMA, CHI, and CDJ at 470.32 pg/m $$^3$$ , 247.26 pg/m $$^3$$ , and 193.20 pg/m $$^3$$ , respectively. Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that biomass burning, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities were the primary sources of MMA. At the same time, CHI and CDJ were influenced more by industrial and diesel emissions. Health risk assessments based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and excess cancer risk (ECR) demonstrated moderate to significant cancer risks, with CDJ exhibiting the highest NPAHs-related risk. This study makes several significant contributions: it presents the first analysis of PAHs and NPAHs levels in these urban areas, identifies key emission sources, and quantifies associated health risks, providing essential data for developing targeted public health policies and environmental regulations.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83142-8Airborne pollutantsHealth risks evaluationDiagnostic ratios (DRs)Principal component analysis (PCA)Air quality |
| spellingShingle | Lucy T. González Ilse María Hernández-Romero Alberto Mendoza Aldo I. Ramirez Yasmany Mancilla Boris Kharissov Michael Pérez-Rodríguez Juan Manuel Alfaro Barbosa Daniel López Serna Oxana Kharissova Andrea Nucamendi Jesús Abraham Díaz Paéz Francisco E. Longoria Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico Scientific Reports Airborne pollutants Health risks evaluation Diagnostic ratios (DRs) Principal component analysis (PCA) Air quality |
| title | Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico |
| title_full | Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico |
| title_short | Source attribution, health risk analysis, and policy implications of PAHs and NPAHs in PM $$_{10}$$ in Northern Mexico |
| title_sort | source attribution health risk analysis and policy implications of pahs and npahs in pm 10 in northern mexico |
| topic | Airborne pollutants Health risks evaluation Diagnostic ratios (DRs) Principal component analysis (PCA) Air quality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83142-8 |
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