Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) and antimony (Sb) coexistence in industrial effluents poses significant threats to environmental safety and human health. Consequently, developing effective methods for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions is critically important. In this study, t...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-06-01
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| author | Changsheng Jin Jingjing Lu Yin Gao Baowei Hu Yuxi Liu |
| author_facet | Changsheng Jin Jingjing Lu Yin Gao Baowei Hu Yuxi Liu |
| author_sort | Changsheng Jin |
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| description | Abstract Cadmium (Cd) and antimony (Sb) coexistence in industrial effluents poses significant threats to environmental safety and human health. Consequently, developing effective methods for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions is critically important. In this study, the adsorption performance of a birnessite (BS) and fulvic acid (FA) composite (BS-FA) for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with machine learning (ML) techniques, including the genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network (GABP) and random forest (RF) models. The RF model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy (R² = 0.8037, RMSE = 0.0625) compared to the RSM and GABP models. Under the optimized conditions (pH = 6, adsorbent dosage = 0.87 g L− 1, adsorption time = 4 h, ionic strength = 0.01 mol L⁻¹, initial concentration = 25.5 mg L⁻¹), the removal efficiencies of Cd(II) and Sb(V) were 96.9% and 70.2%, respectively. Microscopic and mechanistic analyses revealed that Cd(II) and Sb(V) interacted with the Mn–O bonds in BS and the oxygen-containing functional groups (C–OH and –COOH) in FA, forming stable complexes within the Cd-Sb coexistence system. This study successfully integrates ML models and RSM to optimize and predict the adsorption process, offering valuable insights for mitigating the environmental and health risks associated with Cd and Sb contamination in water treatment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-59bb77b081644f8f97ebe7d064b4164b |
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| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-59bb77b081644f8f97ebe7d064b4164b2025-08-20T02:30:41ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-06-0115111010.1038/s41598-025-04527-xMechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid compositeChangsheng Jin0Jingjing Lu1Yin Gao2Baowei Hu3Yuxi Liu4School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing UniversitySchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing UniversitySchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing UniversitySchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing UniversitySchool of Business, Shaoxing UniversityAbstract Cadmium (Cd) and antimony (Sb) coexistence in industrial effluents poses significant threats to environmental safety and human health. Consequently, developing effective methods for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions is critically important. In this study, the adsorption performance of a birnessite (BS) and fulvic acid (FA) composite (BS-FA) for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with machine learning (ML) techniques, including the genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network (GABP) and random forest (RF) models. The RF model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy (R² = 0.8037, RMSE = 0.0625) compared to the RSM and GABP models. Under the optimized conditions (pH = 6, adsorbent dosage = 0.87 g L− 1, adsorption time = 4 h, ionic strength = 0.01 mol L⁻¹, initial concentration = 25.5 mg L⁻¹), the removal efficiencies of Cd(II) and Sb(V) were 96.9% and 70.2%, respectively. Microscopic and mechanistic analyses revealed that Cd(II) and Sb(V) interacted with the Mn–O bonds in BS and the oxygen-containing functional groups (C–OH and –COOH) in FA, forming stable complexes within the Cd-Sb coexistence system. This study successfully integrates ML models and RSM to optimize and predict the adsorption process, offering valuable insights for mitigating the environmental and health risks associated with Cd and Sb contamination in water treatment.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04527-xCadmiumAntimonySimultaneous removalRSMMachine learningOptimization |
| spellingShingle | Changsheng Jin Jingjing Lu Yin Gao Baowei Hu Yuxi Liu Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite Scientific Reports Cadmium Antimony Simultaneous removal RSM Machine learning Optimization |
| title | Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| title_full | Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| title_short | Mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Sb(V) from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| title_sort | mechanisms and optimization for simultaneous removal of cd ii and sb v from aqueous solutions using birnessite and fulvic acid composite |
| topic | Cadmium Antimony Simultaneous removal RSM Machine learning Optimization |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04527-x |
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