Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds

Aquafeed production is a fast-growing industry, seeking novel, cost-efficient raw materials to diversify traditional ingredients like fish meal and oil. Insects, particularly BSF larvae, convert by-products and waste into value-added biomass. In this study, by-products and co-products from two major...

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Main Authors: Daniela P. Rodrigues, Ricardo Calado, Marisa Pinho, M. do Rosário Domingues, José Antonio Vázquez, Olga M. C. C. Ameixa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Insects
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/2/113
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author Daniela P. Rodrigues
Ricardo Calado
Marisa Pinho
M. do Rosário Domingues
José Antonio Vázquez
Olga M. C. C. Ameixa
author_facet Daniela P. Rodrigues
Ricardo Calado
Marisa Pinho
M. do Rosário Domingues
José Antonio Vázquez
Olga M. C. C. Ameixa
author_sort Daniela P. Rodrigues
collection DOAJ
description Aquafeed production is a fast-growing industry, seeking novel, cost-efficient raw materials to diversify traditional ingredients like fish meal and oil. Insects, particularly BSF larvae, convert by-products and waste into value-added biomass. In this study, by-products and co-products from two major fish-transforming industries in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., tuna heads (THs) and codfish frames (CFs), hydrolysates of THs and CFs, and TH oils, were supplied to BSF larvae to improve their profile in <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids (FAs), namely EPA and DHA, and their protein/amino acid content. By testing the replacement levels of a control diet with by-products and co-products, we evaluated the amount of <i>n</i>-3 FA that could be added to BSF larval tissues. The results showed that high levels of a hydrolysed diet negatively impacted larval survival. In addition, parameters such as the moisture, protein content, and viscosity of the substrate affected bioconversion rates. Nevertheless, BSF fed with these diets contained high levels of lysine (5.8–8.4%, dry weight (DW)), methionine (1.5–2.4%, DW), and <i>n</i>-3 FA (14.4% DW: EPA 6.7% and DHA 7.1%). These findings suggest that BSF can effectively convert fish by-products into a nutrient-rich biomass for aquafeeds, supporting the diversification of raw material sources and promoting a circular bioeconomy.
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spelling doaj-art-598d12460058433a819eba5cb5eddfcd2025-08-20T03:12:00ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502025-01-0116211310.3390/insects16020113Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine AquafeedsDaniela P. Rodrigues0Ricardo Calado1Marisa Pinho2M. do Rosário Domingues3José Antonio Vázquez4Olga M. C. C. Ameixa5ECOMARE, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalECOMARE, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalGroup of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, SpainECOMARE, CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalAquafeed production is a fast-growing industry, seeking novel, cost-efficient raw materials to diversify traditional ingredients like fish meal and oil. Insects, particularly BSF larvae, convert by-products and waste into value-added biomass. In this study, by-products and co-products from two major fish-transforming industries in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., tuna heads (THs) and codfish frames (CFs), hydrolysates of THs and CFs, and TH oils, were supplied to BSF larvae to improve their profile in <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids (FAs), namely EPA and DHA, and their protein/amino acid content. By testing the replacement levels of a control diet with by-products and co-products, we evaluated the amount of <i>n</i>-3 FA that could be added to BSF larval tissues. The results showed that high levels of a hydrolysed diet negatively impacted larval survival. In addition, parameters such as the moisture, protein content, and viscosity of the substrate affected bioconversion rates. Nevertheless, BSF fed with these diets contained high levels of lysine (5.8–8.4%, dry weight (DW)), methionine (1.5–2.4%, DW), and <i>n</i>-3 FA (14.4% DW: EPA 6.7% and DHA 7.1%). These findings suggest that BSF can effectively convert fish by-products into a nutrient-rich biomass for aquafeeds, supporting the diversification of raw material sources and promoting a circular bioeconomy.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/2/113insect feedPUFAcircular bioeconomyfish by-product managementfish protein hydrolysates
spellingShingle Daniela P. Rodrigues
Ricardo Calado
Marisa Pinho
M. do Rosário Domingues
José Antonio Vázquez
Olga M. C. C. Ameixa
Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
Insects
insect feed
PUFA
circular bioeconomy
fish by-product management
fish protein hydrolysates
title Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
title_full Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
title_fullStr Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
title_full_unstemmed Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
title_short Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds
title_sort growth rate prediction performance and biochemical enhancement of black soldier fly i hermetia illucens i fed with marine by products and co products a potential value added resource for marine aquafeeds
topic insect feed
PUFA
circular bioeconomy
fish by-product management
fish protein hydrolysates
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/2/113
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