Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time

It is commonly stated that the direction in which we read and write influences our conceptualisation of the flow of time. However, research to date has only established a causal link between reading direction and temporal thought, leaving out the question of whether the act of writing indeed shapes...

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Main Authors: Jenna Crossley, Emanuel Bylund
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-01-01
Series:Language and Cognition
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Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1866980825100082/type/journal_article
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author Jenna Crossley
Emanuel Bylund
author_facet Jenna Crossley
Emanuel Bylund
author_sort Jenna Crossley
collection DOAJ
description It is commonly stated that the direction in which we read and write influences our conceptualisation of the flow of time. However, research to date has only established a causal link between reading direction and temporal thought, leaving out the question of whether the act of writing indeed shapes the mental timeline. The current study addresses this gap by examining whether writing direction modulates how events are mapped onto time. Consistent with previous findings, results from a reading experiment showed that participants who read mirror texts (right-to-left orthography) indeed mapped time as flowing leftwards. However, contrary to prevailing assumptions, results from a series of writing experiments showed that participants assigned to a mirror writing condition (right-to-left orthography) displayed the same left-to-right mapping of the flow of time as participants in the standard writing condition (left-to-right orthography), despite progressive increases in mirror-writing training. It is suggested that the act of writing does not shape time concepts because it is not unambiguously unidirectional: the fine-motoric action of forming individual letters is multidirectional and thus interferes with the lateral time–space association obtained with the gross-motoric action of moving the hand/arm sideways.
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spelling doaj-art-597e82a97a774922aaffc0a142ebeb122025-08-20T02:08:00ZengCambridge University PressLanguage and Cognition1866-98081866-98592025-01-011710.1017/langcog.2025.10008Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of timeJenna Crossley0Emanuel Bylund1Department of General Linguistics, https://ror.org/05bk57929 Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch, South AfricaDepartment of General Linguistics, https://ror.org/05bk57929 Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch, South AfricaIt is commonly stated that the direction in which we read and write influences our conceptualisation of the flow of time. However, research to date has only established a causal link between reading direction and temporal thought, leaving out the question of whether the act of writing indeed shapes the mental timeline. The current study addresses this gap by examining whether writing direction modulates how events are mapped onto time. Consistent with previous findings, results from a reading experiment showed that participants who read mirror texts (right-to-left orthography) indeed mapped time as flowing leftwards. However, contrary to prevailing assumptions, results from a series of writing experiments showed that participants assigned to a mirror writing condition (right-to-left orthography) displayed the same left-to-right mapping of the flow of time as participants in the standard writing condition (left-to-right orthography), despite progressive increases in mirror-writing training. It is suggested that the act of writing does not shape time concepts because it is not unambiguously unidirectional: the fine-motoric action of forming individual letters is multidirectional and thus interferes with the lateral time–space association obtained with the gross-motoric action of moving the hand/arm sideways.https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1866980825100082/type/journal_articlemental metaphorsmental timelineorthographyreadingspatial cognition
spellingShingle Jenna Crossley
Emanuel Bylund
Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
Language and Cognition
mental metaphors
mental timeline
orthography
reading
spatial cognition
title Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
title_full Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
title_fullStr Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
title_full_unstemmed Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
title_short Direction of reading, not writing, shapes concepts of time
title_sort direction of reading not writing shapes concepts of time
topic mental metaphors
mental timeline
orthography
reading
spatial cognition
url https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1866980825100082/type/journal_article
work_keys_str_mv AT jennacrossley directionofreadingnotwritingshapesconceptsoftime
AT emanuelbylund directionofreadingnotwritingshapesconceptsoftime