Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics
This study is focused on optimising the process variables of trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken experimental design in order to maximise the TMP ester (TWCOE biolubricant) yield. The following proce...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001434 |
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| author | Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah Arridina Susan Silitonga Md Abul Kalam Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah |
| author_facet | Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah Arridina Susan Silitonga Md Abul Kalam Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah |
| author_sort | Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study is focused on optimising the process variables of trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken experimental design in order to maximise the TMP ester (TWCOE biolubricant) yield. The following process variables were optimised: (1) reaction time, (2) TMP-to-WCOME ratio, and (3) sodium methoxide catalyst concentration. The predicted TWCOE biolubricant yield was 97.06 %, which conformed well with the experimental TWCOE biolubricant yield of 96.12 %. The quadratic response surface model demonstrated a robust fit with the experimental data (R² = 0.9888).The physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics of the TWCOE biolubricant were assessed and compared with those of commercial lubricants. The TWCOE biolubricant had a kinematic viscosity of 41.55 mm2/s at 40 °C and 6.93 mm2/s at 100 °C. The TWCOE biolubricant had an acid value of 0.4 mg KOH/g, flash point of 222.2 °C, and viscosity index of 125.30. The coefficient of friction of the TWCOE biolubricant (0.045) was lower than those of the SAE15W40, SAE0W30, and ATF9 lubricants (0.062, 0.088, and 0.089, respectively). However, the average wear scar diameter for the TWCOE lubricant (0.632 mm) was higher than those of commercial lubricants. The favourable lubricating characteristics suggest that the TWCOE biolubricant has the potential for use as an effective lubricant or additive in industrial machinery. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-595ce027f64c438a821c22242cda79652025-01-26T05:04:46ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-03-0125104055Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristicsTeuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah0Arridina Susan Silitonga1Md Abul Kalam2Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah3School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Way Hui, South Lampung 35365, Indonesia; Corresponding authors.Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, Australia; Center of Renewable Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, Indonesia; Corresponding authors.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, Australia; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, AustraliaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, Australia; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NWS 2007, AustraliaThis study is focused on optimising the process variables of trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken experimental design in order to maximise the TMP ester (TWCOE biolubricant) yield. The following process variables were optimised: (1) reaction time, (2) TMP-to-WCOME ratio, and (3) sodium methoxide catalyst concentration. The predicted TWCOE biolubricant yield was 97.06 %, which conformed well with the experimental TWCOE biolubricant yield of 96.12 %. The quadratic response surface model demonstrated a robust fit with the experimental data (R² = 0.9888).The physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics of the TWCOE biolubricant were assessed and compared with those of commercial lubricants. The TWCOE biolubricant had a kinematic viscosity of 41.55 mm2/s at 40 °C and 6.93 mm2/s at 100 °C. The TWCOE biolubricant had an acid value of 0.4 mg KOH/g, flash point of 222.2 °C, and viscosity index of 125.30. The coefficient of friction of the TWCOE biolubricant (0.045) was lower than those of the SAE15W40, SAE0W30, and ATF9 lubricants (0.062, 0.088, and 0.089, respectively). However, the average wear scar diameter for the TWCOE lubricant (0.632 mm) was higher than those of commercial lubricants. The favourable lubricating characteristics suggest that the TWCOE biolubricant has the potential for use as an effective lubricant or additive in industrial machinery.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001434Waste cooking oilBiolubricant synthesisTrimethylolpropane esterResponse surface methodologyPhysicochemical propertiesTribological characteristics |
| spellingShingle | Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah Arridina Susan Silitonga Md Abul Kalam Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics Results in Engineering Waste cooking oil Biolubricant synthesis Trimethylolpropane ester Response surface methodology Physicochemical properties Tribological characteristics |
| title | Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| title_full | Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| title_fullStr | Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| title_short | Optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology, and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| title_sort | optimisation of trimethylolpropane ester synthesis from waste cooking oil methyl ester by response surface methodology and its physicochemical properties and tribological characteristics |
| topic | Waste cooking oil Biolubricant synthesis Trimethylolpropane ester Response surface methodology Physicochemical properties Tribological characteristics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025001434 |
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