Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications
With the availability of multi-frequency, multi-constellation global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules, precise transportation applications have become attainable. For transportation applications, GNSS geodetic-grade receivers can achieve an accuracy of a few centimeters to a few decimeters...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Algorithms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/390 |
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| author | Mohamed Abdelazeem Amgad Abazeed Abdulmajeed Alsultan Amr M. Wahaballa |
| author_facet | Mohamed Abdelazeem Amgad Abazeed Abdulmajeed Alsultan Amr M. Wahaballa |
| author_sort | Mohamed Abdelazeem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the availability of multi-frequency, multi-constellation global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules, precise transportation applications have become attainable. For transportation applications, GNSS geodetic-grade receivers can achieve an accuracy of a few centimeters to a few decimeters through differential, precise point positioning (PPP), real-time kinematic (RTK), and PPP-RTK solutions in both post-processing and real-time modes; however, these receivers are costly. Therefore, this research aims to assess the accuracy of a cost-effective multi-GNSS real-time PPP solution for transportation applications. For this purpose, the U-blox ZED-F9P module is utilized to collect dual-frequency multi-GNSS observations through a moving vehicle in a suburban area in New Aswan City, Egypt; thereafter, datasets involving different multi-GNSS combination scenarios are processed, including GPS, GPS/GLONASS, GPS/Galileo, and GPS/GLONASS/Galileo, using both RT-PPP and RTK solutions. For the RT-PPP solution, the satellite clock and orbit correction products from Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and the GNSS research center of Wuhan University (WHU) are applied to account for the real-time mode. Moreover, GNSS datasets from two geodetic-grade Trimble R4s receivers are collected; hence, the datasets are processed using the traditional kinematic differential solution to provide a reference solution. The results indicate that this cost-effective multi-GNSS RT-PPP solution can attain positioning accuracy within 1–3 dm, and is thus suitable for a variety of transportation applications, including intelligent transportation system (ITS), self-driving cars, and automobile navigation applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-58bc3b5a08cc4a49a82c66b4da0535b8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1999-4893 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Algorithms |
| spelling | doaj-art-58bc3b5a08cc4a49a82c66b4da0535b82025-08-20T03:13:38ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932025-06-0118739010.3390/a18070390Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation ApplicationsMohamed Abdelazeem0Amgad Abazeed1Abdulmajeed Alsultan2Amr M. Wahaballa3Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandCivil Engineering Department, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, EgyptWith the availability of multi-frequency, multi-constellation global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules, precise transportation applications have become attainable. For transportation applications, GNSS geodetic-grade receivers can achieve an accuracy of a few centimeters to a few decimeters through differential, precise point positioning (PPP), real-time kinematic (RTK), and PPP-RTK solutions in both post-processing and real-time modes; however, these receivers are costly. Therefore, this research aims to assess the accuracy of a cost-effective multi-GNSS real-time PPP solution for transportation applications. For this purpose, the U-blox ZED-F9P module is utilized to collect dual-frequency multi-GNSS observations through a moving vehicle in a suburban area in New Aswan City, Egypt; thereafter, datasets involving different multi-GNSS combination scenarios are processed, including GPS, GPS/GLONASS, GPS/Galileo, and GPS/GLONASS/Galileo, using both RT-PPP and RTK solutions. For the RT-PPP solution, the satellite clock and orbit correction products from Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and the GNSS research center of Wuhan University (WHU) are applied to account for the real-time mode. Moreover, GNSS datasets from two geodetic-grade Trimble R4s receivers are collected; hence, the datasets are processed using the traditional kinematic differential solution to provide a reference solution. The results indicate that this cost-effective multi-GNSS RT-PPP solution can attain positioning accuracy within 1–3 dm, and is thus suitable for a variety of transportation applications, including intelligent transportation system (ITS), self-driving cars, and automobile navigation applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/390intelligent transportation system (ITS)urban transportationtransportZED-F9P moduleRT-PPPRTK |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Abdelazeem Amgad Abazeed Abdulmajeed Alsultan Amr M. Wahaballa Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications Algorithms intelligent transportation system (ITS) urban transportation transport ZED-F9P module RT-PPP RTK |
| title | Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications |
| title_full | Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications |
| title_short | Assessment of Affordable Real-Time PPP Solutions for Transportation Applications |
| title_sort | assessment of affordable real time ppp solutions for transportation applications |
| topic | intelligent transportation system (ITS) urban transportation transport ZED-F9P module RT-PPP RTK |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/390 |
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