Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability
Ferritin, an emerging protein resource, has garnered significant attention in scientific research due to its biocompatibility and unique cavity structure capable of encapsulating bioactive compounds. This study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for enhancing ferritin yield from...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Zhikun Xing Yi Wang Yabo Wei Xin Guo Xiaoyue Liang Xiaorong Deng Lianfu Zhang Jian Zhang |
| author_facet | Zhikun Xing Yi Wang Yabo Wei Xin Guo Xiaoyue Liang Xiaorong Deng Lianfu Zhang Jian Zhang |
| author_sort | Zhikun Xing |
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| description | Ferritin, an emerging protein resource, has garnered significant attention in scientific research due to its biocompatibility and unique cavity structure capable of encapsulating bioactive compounds. This study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for enhancing ferritin yield from northern pike liver byproducts and evaluate its potential as a nanocarrier for chlorogenic acid (CA). Through response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal UAE parameters were established as 200 W ultrasonic power, 1:3 solid–liquid ratio, and 25 min extraction time. Under these conditions, the ferritin extraction yield reached 139.46 mg/kg, representing a 4.02-fold increase compared to conventional methods (34.65 mg/mL). Electrophoretic analysis confirmed the electrophoretic purity of the extracted liver ferritin. Comprehensive characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed preserved structural integrity of UAE-extracted ferritin. Homology modeling provided molecular insights into the ferritin architecture. Successful encapsulation of CA was achieved with an encapsulation efficiency of 13.25%, as quantified by HPLC. Analysis by DLS and ζ potential as well as TG and DSC showed that not only the thermal stability of CA was enhanced after ferritin encapsulation, but also that the ferritin remained stable with a cage-like structure. This investigation establishes UAE as an effective strategy for valorizing fish processing byproducts through high-yield ferritin extraction while demonstrating the protein’s functional capacity as a nanocarrier for bioactive compound delivery. The findings highlight the dual advantage of sustainable resource utilization and advanced delivery system development through this biotechnological approach. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5875239b75a147639e6a4a8f93f6f2032025-08-20T01:49:24ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-01309208010.3390/molecules30092080Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal StabilityZhikun Xing0Yi Wang1Yabo Wei2Xin Guo3Xiaoyue Liang4Xiaorong Deng5Lianfu Zhang6Jian Zhang7School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaSchool of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaFerritin, an emerging protein resource, has garnered significant attention in scientific research due to its biocompatibility and unique cavity structure capable of encapsulating bioactive compounds. This study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for enhancing ferritin yield from northern pike liver byproducts and evaluate its potential as a nanocarrier for chlorogenic acid (CA). Through response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal UAE parameters were established as 200 W ultrasonic power, 1:3 solid–liquid ratio, and 25 min extraction time. Under these conditions, the ferritin extraction yield reached 139.46 mg/kg, representing a 4.02-fold increase compared to conventional methods (34.65 mg/mL). Electrophoretic analysis confirmed the electrophoretic purity of the extracted liver ferritin. Comprehensive characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed preserved structural integrity of UAE-extracted ferritin. Homology modeling provided molecular insights into the ferritin architecture. Successful encapsulation of CA was achieved with an encapsulation efficiency of 13.25%, as quantified by HPLC. Analysis by DLS and ζ potential as well as TG and DSC showed that not only the thermal stability of CA was enhanced after ferritin encapsulation, but also that the ferritin remained stable with a cage-like structure. This investigation establishes UAE as an effective strategy for valorizing fish processing byproducts through high-yield ferritin extraction while demonstrating the protein’s functional capacity as a nanocarrier for bioactive compound delivery. The findings highlight the dual advantage of sustainable resource utilization and advanced delivery system development through this biotechnological approach.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/2080northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>)ultrasound-assisted extractionliver ferritinstructural characterizationhomology modelingembedding properties |
| spellingShingle | Zhikun Xing Yi Wang Yabo Wei Xin Guo Xiaoyue Liang Xiaorong Deng Lianfu Zhang Jian Zhang Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability Molecules northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) ultrasound-assisted extraction liver ferritin structural characterization homology modeling embedding properties |
| title | Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability |
| title_full | Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability |
| title_fullStr | Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability |
| title_short | Ultrasound-Assisted Ferritin Extraction from Northern Pike Liver: An Innovative Approach for Chlorogenic Acid Encapsulation with Enhanced Thermal Stability |
| title_sort | ultrasound assisted ferritin extraction from northern pike liver an innovative approach for chlorogenic acid encapsulation with enhanced thermal stability |
| topic | northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) ultrasound-assisted extraction liver ferritin structural characterization homology modeling embedding properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/2080 |
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