Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China
To investigate the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors and outdoors and their influencing factors, PM2.5 samples were systematically collected from both environments in Jinan during the summer and autumn seasons. During the observation period, the concentrati...
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PeerJ Inc.
2024-12-01
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| author | Xiaomei Gao Ziyi Wang Xiaoyan Sun Weidong Gao Wei Jiang Xi Wang Fenfen Zhang Xinfeng Wang Lingxiao Yang Yang Zhou |
| author_facet | Xiaomei Gao Ziyi Wang Xiaoyan Sun Weidong Gao Wei Jiang Xi Wang Fenfen Zhang Xinfeng Wang Lingxiao Yang Yang Zhou |
| author_sort | Xiaomei Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To investigate the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors and outdoors and their influencing factors, PM2.5 samples were systematically collected from both environments in Jinan during the summer and autumn seasons. During the observation period, the concentration of ∑ 19PAHs was 18.57 ± 10.50 ng/m3 indoors and 23.79 ± 16.13 ng/m3 outdoors. Most PAHs exhibited indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios less than 1, indicating that indoor PAHs were primarily derived from the infiltration of outdoor sources. Correlation analysis underscored the significant influence of temperature on both outdoor concentrations and I/O ratios of PAHs. By utilizing diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), vehicle emissions were identified as the predominant source of outdoor PAHs. Our study found that the toxic equivalents of benzo[a]pyrene (TEQBaP) values exceeded the European Commission’s standard of 1 ng/m3, with indoor values at 2.78 ng/m3 and outdoor values at 3.57 ng/m3. Moreover, the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRTotal) associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs surpassed the acceptable level of 10E-6, indicating potential adverse health effects. These results underscore the urgent necessity for more stringent regulatory measures to reduce PAH emissions. Additionally, our findings provide valuable insights into how environmental factors shape the relationship between indoor and outdoor PAHs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-58570cd910d842c49729eafc2cde7417 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-58570cd910d842c49729eafc2cde74172024-12-18T15:05:14ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592024-12-0112e1855310.7717/peerj.18553Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North ChinaXiaomei Gao0Ziyi Wang1Xiaoyan Sun2Weidong Gao3Wei Jiang4Xi Wang5Fenfen Zhang6Xinfeng Wang7Lingxiao Yang8Yang Zhou9School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaEnvironment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, ChinaJinan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, ChinaEnvironment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, ChinaEnvironment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, ChinaFrontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, ChinaTo investigate the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors and outdoors and their influencing factors, PM2.5 samples were systematically collected from both environments in Jinan during the summer and autumn seasons. During the observation period, the concentration of ∑ 19PAHs was 18.57 ± 10.50 ng/m3 indoors and 23.79 ± 16.13 ng/m3 outdoors. Most PAHs exhibited indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios less than 1, indicating that indoor PAHs were primarily derived from the infiltration of outdoor sources. Correlation analysis underscored the significant influence of temperature on both outdoor concentrations and I/O ratios of PAHs. By utilizing diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), vehicle emissions were identified as the predominant source of outdoor PAHs. Our study found that the toxic equivalents of benzo[a]pyrene (TEQBaP) values exceeded the European Commission’s standard of 1 ng/m3, with indoor values at 2.78 ng/m3 and outdoor values at 3.57 ng/m3. Moreover, the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRTotal) associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs surpassed the acceptable level of 10E-6, indicating potential adverse health effects. These results underscore the urgent necessity for more stringent regulatory measures to reduce PAH emissions. Additionally, our findings provide valuable insights into how environmental factors shape the relationship between indoor and outdoor PAHs.https://peerj.com/articles/18553.pdfPAHsPM2.5IndoorOutdoorSourcesHealth risk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Xiaomei Gao Ziyi Wang Xiaoyan Sun Weidong Gao Wei Jiang Xi Wang Fenfen Zhang Xinfeng Wang Lingxiao Yang Yang Zhou Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China PeerJ PAHs PM2.5 Indoor Outdoor Sources Health risk assessment |
| title | Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China |
| title_full | Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China |
| title_short | Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China |
| title_sort | characteristics source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in jinan north china |
| topic | PAHs PM2.5 Indoor Outdoor Sources Health risk assessment |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/18553.pdf |
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