Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon

Abstract This study explored the kinetics of Cr(VI) conversion into Cr(III) by sodium formate on a nitrogen-doped magnetic mesoporous carbon material infused with Pd and Fe nanoparticles. This study provides the mechanism, kinetic parameters, and optimal conditions for Cr(VI) reduction by employing...

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Main Authors: Hamideh Hajloo, Hadis Bashiri
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98082-0
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author Hamideh Hajloo
Hadis Bashiri
author_facet Hamideh Hajloo
Hadis Bashiri
author_sort Hamideh Hajloo
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study explored the kinetics of Cr(VI) conversion into Cr(III) by sodium formate on a nitrogen-doped magnetic mesoporous carbon material infused with Pd and Fe nanoparticles. This study provides the mechanism, kinetic parameters, and optimal conditions for Cr(VI) reduction by employing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and response surface methodology. It has been proposed that Cr(OH)6 is an intermediate in this reaction. The influences of various factors, such as the initial concentrations of sodium formate and dichromate, pH, and reaction time, on the reaction efficiency were also investigated. These results suggest that the ideal conditions for Cr(III) synthesis involve a synergy of low pH and dichromate levels, a heightened sodium formate concentration, and prolonged reaction periods. The optimal conditions for Cr(III) production on Pd/Fe-NMC surface are pH = 1.37, Reaction time = 161.30 min, Cr2O7 2− initial concentration = 8.3 × 10−4 M, and HCOONa initial concentration = 1.02 M. Under the proposed optimal conditions, the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of the Pd/Fe-NMC surface was 99.82%.
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spelling doaj-art-584141d01f794d55b59df9a3dd9ec0042025-08-20T02:10:56ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-98082-0Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbonHamideh Hajloo0Hadis Bashiri1Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of KashanDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of KashanAbstract This study explored the kinetics of Cr(VI) conversion into Cr(III) by sodium formate on a nitrogen-doped magnetic mesoporous carbon material infused with Pd and Fe nanoparticles. This study provides the mechanism, kinetic parameters, and optimal conditions for Cr(VI) reduction by employing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and response surface methodology. It has been proposed that Cr(OH)6 is an intermediate in this reaction. The influences of various factors, such as the initial concentrations of sodium formate and dichromate, pH, and reaction time, on the reaction efficiency were also investigated. These results suggest that the ideal conditions for Cr(III) synthesis involve a synergy of low pH and dichromate levels, a heightened sodium formate concentration, and prolonged reaction periods. The optimal conditions for Cr(III) production on Pd/Fe-NMC surface are pH = 1.37, Reaction time = 161.30 min, Cr2O7 2− initial concentration = 8.3 × 10−4 M, and HCOONa initial concentration = 1.02 M. Under the proposed optimal conditions, the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of the Pd/Fe-NMC surface was 99.82%.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98082-0Cr(VI) reductionMagnetic mesoporous carbonPd/Fe nanoparticlesKinetic Monte Carlo simulationsResponse surface methodology
spellingShingle Hamideh Hajloo
Hadis Bashiri
Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
Scientific Reports
Cr(VI) reduction
Magnetic mesoporous carbon
Pd/Fe nanoparticles
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations
Response surface methodology
title Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
title_full Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
title_fullStr Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
title_full_unstemmed Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
title_short Theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) using Pd/Fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
title_sort theoretical insights in catalytic reduction of cr vi using pd fe nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon
topic Cr(VI) reduction
Magnetic mesoporous carbon
Pd/Fe nanoparticles
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations
Response surface methodology
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98082-0
work_keys_str_mv AT hamidehhajloo theoreticalinsightsincatalyticreductionofcrviusingpdfenitrogendopedmesoporouscarbon
AT hadisbashiri theoreticalinsightsincatalyticreductionofcrviusingpdfenitrogendopedmesoporouscarbon