Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice
This study explores the regulatory role of proline-rich acidic protein 1 (<i>Prap1</i>) effects on embryo implantation. A high estrogen model and ovariectomized mice were employed to demonstrate that estrogen regulates <i>Prap1</i> expression. Uterine tissues were collected f...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Xueyan Wang Meng Li Jingmei Han Nana Yang Xiangyun Li Xinglong Wu |
| author_facet | Xueyan Wang Meng Li Jingmei Han Nana Yang Xiangyun Li Xinglong Wu |
| author_sort | Xueyan Wang |
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| description | This study explores the regulatory role of proline-rich acidic protein 1 (<i>Prap1</i>) effects on embryo implantation. A high estrogen model and ovariectomized mice were employed to demonstrate that estrogen regulates <i>Prap1</i> expression. Uterine tissues were collected from E 1.5 (the presence of a vaginal plug was recorded as embryonal day 0.5, E 0.5) to E 7.5 to detect the <i>Prap1</i> expression pattern in early pregnancy using qRT-PCR. Embryo adhesion was assessed through uterine perfusion of PRAP1 protein and <i>Prap1</i> overexpression in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). The data showed that <i>Prap1</i> expression was increased in the uterus with high estrogen levels. <i>Prap1</i> expression was specifically reduced during early implantation. Overexpression of <i>Prap1</i> in EECs also reduced the embryo adhesions. The differentially expressed genes obtained by RNA-seq were enriched in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. <i>Muc1</i> expression was increased in EECs overexpressing <i>Prap1</i> by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. Similarly, O-glycosylation biosynthesis was enriched, and glycosylation-related genes were upregulated. Our results demonstrate that <i>Prap1</i> was regulated by estrogen and an increase in PRAP1 before implantation affected embryo adhesion by regulating the expression of <i>Muc1</i> and extracellular matrix-related genes, leading to embryo implantation failure. Our results provide a new insight into estrogen regulation of embryo implantation. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-57fb3f27398c4bb68c86a879125d7bbf2025-08-20T03:26:25ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-06-0115685210.3390/biom15060852Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in MiceXueyan Wang0Meng Li1Jingmei Han2Nana Yang3Xiangyun Li4Xinglong Wu5College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaThis study explores the regulatory role of proline-rich acidic protein 1 (<i>Prap1</i>) effects on embryo implantation. A high estrogen model and ovariectomized mice were employed to demonstrate that estrogen regulates <i>Prap1</i> expression. Uterine tissues were collected from E 1.5 (the presence of a vaginal plug was recorded as embryonal day 0.5, E 0.5) to E 7.5 to detect the <i>Prap1</i> expression pattern in early pregnancy using qRT-PCR. Embryo adhesion was assessed through uterine perfusion of PRAP1 protein and <i>Prap1</i> overexpression in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). The data showed that <i>Prap1</i> expression was increased in the uterus with high estrogen levels. <i>Prap1</i> expression was specifically reduced during early implantation. Overexpression of <i>Prap1</i> in EECs also reduced the embryo adhesions. The differentially expressed genes obtained by RNA-seq were enriched in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. <i>Muc1</i> expression was increased in EECs overexpressing <i>Prap1</i> by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. Similarly, O-glycosylation biosynthesis was enriched, and glycosylation-related genes were upregulated. Our results demonstrate that <i>Prap1</i> was regulated by estrogen and an increase in PRAP1 before implantation affected embryo adhesion by regulating the expression of <i>Muc1</i> and extracellular matrix-related genes, leading to embryo implantation failure. Our results provide a new insight into estrogen regulation of embryo implantation.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/6/852proline-rich acidic protein 1embryo adhesionestrogenmucin 1O-glycosylation |
| spellingShingle | Xueyan Wang Meng Li Jingmei Han Nana Yang Xiangyun Li Xinglong Wu Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice Biomolecules proline-rich acidic protein 1 embryo adhesion estrogen mucin 1 O-glycosylation |
| title | Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice |
| title_full | Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice |
| title_fullStr | Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice |
| title_short | Estrogen-Regulated Proline-Rich Acidic Protein 1 in Endometrial Epithelial Cells Affects Embryo Implantation by Regulating Mucin 1 in Mice |
| title_sort | estrogen regulated proline rich acidic protein 1 in endometrial epithelial cells affects embryo implantation by regulating mucin 1 in mice |
| topic | proline-rich acidic protein 1 embryo adhesion estrogen mucin 1 O-glycosylation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/6/852 |
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