Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles
Abstract Acidifiers serve as effective feed additives that enhance fish growth and welfare. This study investigates the effects of a mixture of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (denoted as OA, in a 1:1:1 ratio) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the first time. A total of 240 fish,...
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Wiley
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of the World Aquaculture Society |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.70004 |
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| author | Seyyed Morteza Hoseini Basim S. A. Al Sulivany Alireza Afzali‐Kordmahalleh Hamed Abdollahpour Hamid Rajabiesterabadi Morteza Yousefi |
| author_facet | Seyyed Morteza Hoseini Basim S. A. Al Sulivany Alireza Afzali‐Kordmahalleh Hamed Abdollahpour Hamid Rajabiesterabadi Morteza Yousefi |
| author_sort | Seyyed Morteza Hoseini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Acidifiers serve as effective feed additives that enhance fish growth and welfare. This study investigates the effects of a mixture of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (denoted as OA, in a 1:1:1 ratio) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the first time. A total of 240 fish, each weighing approximately 18.5 grams, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates containing 15 fish. The fish were fed diets supplemented with varying levels of OA: 0 g/kg (Control), 2.5 g/kg (A‐2.5), 5 g/kg (A‐5), and 10 g/kg (A‐10) for a duration of 56 days. Growth performance, calcium and phosphorus levels in vertebrae and muscle, intestinal antioxidant status, bacterial populations, gene expressions, as well as immunological parameters in skin mucus and blood plasma were analyzed at the end of the experiment. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus sp. in the OA‐treated groups compared to the Control group. Conversely, the intestinal populations of Vibrio sp. (p < 0.0001) and Aeromonas sp. (p = 0.010) significantly decreased in the OA‐treated groups, particularly in the A‐10 treatment. Moreover, significant (p < 0.0001) up‐regulations were observed in the expression of intestinal tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (tnf‐a), interleukin‐1 beta (il‐1b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and mucin‐2 (muc‐2) across all OA‐treated groups when compared to the Control group. All OA‐treated groups, especially the A‐5 treatment, exhibited significant (p < 0.0001) increases in the expression of intestinal lysozyme (lys), mucin‐5 (muc‐5), and beta‐defensin (b‐def) relative to the Control group. Furthermore, intestinal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) significantly increased (p = 0.0003), while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased (p = 0.002) in all OA‐treated groups, particularly in the A‐5 treatment. Notably, plasma lysozyme (p = 0.002), alternative complement (AC; p = 0.022), skin mucus protease (p = 0.011), lysozyme (p = 0.002), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP; p = 0.001) showed significant increases in the A‐5 and/or A‐10 treatments compared to the Control group. Dietary supplementation with OA significantly enhanced muscle and vertebral ash, phosphorus, and calcium levels, particularly in the A‐5 treatment. Additionally, growth performance and feed efficiency significantly improved in the A‐5 treatment when compared to the Control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5 g/kg of OA proved beneficial for common carp by enhancing intestinal health, humoral and mucosal immune responses, calcium and phosphorus retention, as well as overall growth performance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-57ed52ee03624a758c14aed7e4804f4c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0893-8849 1749-7345 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Journal of the World Aquaculture Society |
| spelling | doaj-art-57ed52ee03624a758c14aed7e4804f4c2025-08-20T03:11:26ZengWileyJournal of the World Aquaculture Society0893-88491749-73452025-02-01561n/an/a10.1111/jwas.70004Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juvenilesSeyyed Morteza Hoseini0Basim S. A. Al Sulivany1Alireza Afzali‐Kordmahalleh2Hamed Abdollahpour3Hamid Rajabiesterabadi4Morteza Yousefi5Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Gorgan IranDepartment of Biology, College of Science University of Zakho Zakho IraqDepartment of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran IranFisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources University of Guilan Rasht IranYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Azadshahr Branch Islamic Azad University Golestan IranDepartment of Veterinary Medicine RUDN University Moscow RussiaAbstract Acidifiers serve as effective feed additives that enhance fish growth and welfare. This study investigates the effects of a mixture of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (denoted as OA, in a 1:1:1 ratio) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the first time. A total of 240 fish, each weighing approximately 18.5 grams, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates containing 15 fish. The fish were fed diets supplemented with varying levels of OA: 0 g/kg (Control), 2.5 g/kg (A‐2.5), 5 g/kg (A‐5), and 10 g/kg (A‐10) for a duration of 56 days. Growth performance, calcium and phosphorus levels in vertebrae and muscle, intestinal antioxidant status, bacterial populations, gene expressions, as well as immunological parameters in skin mucus and blood plasma were analyzed at the end of the experiment. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus sp. in the OA‐treated groups compared to the Control group. Conversely, the intestinal populations of Vibrio sp. (p < 0.0001) and Aeromonas sp. (p = 0.010) significantly decreased in the OA‐treated groups, particularly in the A‐10 treatment. Moreover, significant (p < 0.0001) up‐regulations were observed in the expression of intestinal tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (tnf‐a), interleukin‐1 beta (il‐1b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and mucin‐2 (muc‐2) across all OA‐treated groups when compared to the Control group. All OA‐treated groups, especially the A‐5 treatment, exhibited significant (p < 0.0001) increases in the expression of intestinal lysozyme (lys), mucin‐5 (muc‐5), and beta‐defensin (b‐def) relative to the Control group. Furthermore, intestinal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) significantly increased (p = 0.0003), while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased (p = 0.002) in all OA‐treated groups, particularly in the A‐5 treatment. Notably, plasma lysozyme (p = 0.002), alternative complement (AC; p = 0.022), skin mucus protease (p = 0.011), lysozyme (p = 0.002), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP; p = 0.001) showed significant increases in the A‐5 and/or A‐10 treatments compared to the Control group. Dietary supplementation with OA significantly enhanced muscle and vertebral ash, phosphorus, and calcium levels, particularly in the A‐5 treatment. Additionally, growth performance and feed efficiency significantly improved in the A‐5 treatment when compared to the Control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5 g/kg of OA proved beneficial for common carp by enhancing intestinal health, humoral and mucosal immune responses, calcium and phosphorus retention, as well as overall growth performance.https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.70004gene expressiongutimmunologymicrobiotamineral |
| spellingShingle | Seyyed Morteza Hoseini Basim S. A. Al Sulivany Alireza Afzali‐Kordmahalleh Hamed Abdollahpour Hamid Rajabiesterabadi Morteza Yousefi Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles Journal of the World Aquaculture Society gene expression gut immunology microbiota mineral |
| title | Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles |
| title_full | Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles |
| title_fullStr | Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles |
| title_short | Effects of dietary citric acid, lactic acid, and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles |
| title_sort | effects of dietary citric acid lactic acid and potassium sorbate mixture on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters in common carp cyprinus carpio juveniles |
| topic | gene expression gut immunology microbiota mineral |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.70004 |
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