Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model

Abstract Vegetation phenology studies the periodic recurrence of plant life‐cycle events and is essential for understanding ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Remote sensing has become a key tool for monitoring phenological events on large spatial and temporal scales, primarily using vege...

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Main Authors: Sofia Bajocco, Carlo Ricotta, Simone Bregaglio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-07-01
Series:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70067
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author Sofia Bajocco
Carlo Ricotta
Simone Bregaglio
author_facet Sofia Bajocco
Carlo Ricotta
Simone Bregaglio
author_sort Sofia Bajocco
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Vegetation phenology studies the periodic recurrence of plant life‐cycle events and is essential for understanding ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Remote sensing has become a key tool for monitoring phenological events on large spatial and temporal scales, primarily using vegetation indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, current methods for extracting phenological metrics from NDVI data often fail to capture their biological and physiological significance, as they are predominantly based on statistical fitting functions. This study presents SWELL (Simulated Waves of Energy, Light, and Life), a process‐based phenology model that simulates the temporal NDVI profile, from leaf unfolding to dormancy release, based on species‐specific photothermal response functions. Tested on European beech, SWELL successfully reproduced seasonal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI patterns from 2012 to 2021 across ecoregions, matching the performance of a benchmark model and enabling consistent analysis of phenological phases' timing across biogeographic gradients. SWELL allows bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes. By overcoming current limitations in process‐based phenology modelling, SWELL may represent a novel tool for understanding and predicting vegetation phenology in the context of climate change.
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spelling doaj-art-57e1187cb66f4241addbf8b66bb29c292025-08-20T02:37:39ZengWileyMethods in Ecology and Evolution2041-210X2025-07-011671473148810.1111/2041-210X.70067Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL modelSofia Bajocco0Carlo Ricotta1Simone Bregaglio2Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA‐AA) Rome ItalyDepartment of Environmental Biology University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ Rome ItalyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA‐AA) Rome ItalyAbstract Vegetation phenology studies the periodic recurrence of plant life‐cycle events and is essential for understanding ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Remote sensing has become a key tool for monitoring phenological events on large spatial and temporal scales, primarily using vegetation indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, current methods for extracting phenological metrics from NDVI data often fail to capture their biological and physiological significance, as they are predominantly based on statistical fitting functions. This study presents SWELL (Simulated Waves of Energy, Light, and Life), a process‐based phenology model that simulates the temporal NDVI profile, from leaf unfolding to dormancy release, based on species‐specific photothermal response functions. Tested on European beech, SWELL successfully reproduced seasonal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI patterns from 2012 to 2021 across ecoregions, matching the performance of a benchmark model and enabling consistent analysis of phenological phases' timing across biogeographic gradients. SWELL allows bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes. By overcoming current limitations in process‐based phenology modelling, SWELL may represent a novel tool for understanding and predicting vegetation phenology in the context of climate change.https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70067NDVIphotoperiodprocess‐based modeltemperaturevegetation phenology
spellingShingle Sofia Bajocco
Carlo Ricotta
Simone Bregaglio
Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
Methods in Ecology and Evolution
NDVI
photoperiod
process‐based model
temperature
vegetation phenology
title Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
title_full Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
title_fullStr Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
title_full_unstemmed Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
title_short Bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes: The SWELL model
title_sort bridging the gap between remotely sensed phenology and the underlying ecophysiological processes the swell model
topic NDVI
photoperiod
process‐based model
temperature
vegetation phenology
url https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70067
work_keys_str_mv AT sofiabajocco bridgingthegapbetweenremotelysensedphenologyandtheunderlyingecophysiologicalprocessestheswellmodel
AT carloricotta bridgingthegapbetweenremotelysensedphenologyandtheunderlyingecophysiologicalprocessestheswellmodel
AT simonebregaglio bridgingthegapbetweenremotelysensedphenologyandtheunderlyingecophysiologicalprocessestheswellmodel