Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features

As individuals spend most of their time indoors, determining whether a mobile device is located indoors or outdoors – and identifying the specific building it is in – is essential for enabling building-level location-based services and fine-grained human activity analysis. However, existing indoor p...

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Main Authors: Die Zhang, Xin Liu, Yong Ge, Yixi Wei, Mengxiao Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-08-01
Series:International Journal of Digital Earth
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2512410
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author Die Zhang
Xin Liu
Yong Ge
Yixi Wei
Mengxiao Liu
author_facet Die Zhang
Xin Liu
Yong Ge
Yixi Wei
Mengxiao Liu
author_sort Die Zhang
collection DOAJ
description As individuals spend most of their time indoors, determining whether a mobile device is located indoors or outdoors – and identifying the specific building it is in – is essential for enabling building-level location-based services and fine-grained human activity analysis. However, existing indoor positioning techniques often rely on dedicated infrastructure or dense signal fingerprinting, limiting their scalability across diverse urban environments. To address this, we propose a lightweight, data-driven framework for building-level mobile device location recognition that integrates indoor/outdoor (I/O) classification and building matching using limited sensor data. A random forest model is trained on a structured, scene-diverse sample library to classify I/O status based on multi-sensor features. For devices identified as indoors, building identification is performed using a Bayesian inference model that incorporates prior knowledge derived from anonymous crowdsourced data, leveraging spatial heterogeneity in sensor feature distributions across candidate buildings. Experiments conducted in three Chinese cities demonstrated that I/O classification achieved over 90% accuracy, and building matching based on crowdsourced data achieved at least 70% precision using only satellite or Wi-Fi features. Our approach requires no infrastructure deployment or extensive labeled data, offering a scalable and practical solution for building-level location inference across large and heterogeneous regions.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1753-8947
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language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Taylor & Francis Group
record_format Article
series International Journal of Digital Earth
spelling doaj-art-57908f5ef73843dc97dd5494aa6631fc2025-08-25T11:28:25ZengTaylor & Francis GroupInternational Journal of Digital Earth1753-89471753-89552025-08-0118110.1080/17538947.2025.2512410Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor featuresDie Zhang0Xin Liu1Yong Ge2Yixi Wei3Mengxiao Liu4School of Geography and Environment / Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research (Ministry of Education), Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China2012 Lab, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Geography and Environment / Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research (Ministry of Education), Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Mathematics, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaAs individuals spend most of their time indoors, determining whether a mobile device is located indoors or outdoors – and identifying the specific building it is in – is essential for enabling building-level location-based services and fine-grained human activity analysis. However, existing indoor positioning techniques often rely on dedicated infrastructure or dense signal fingerprinting, limiting their scalability across diverse urban environments. To address this, we propose a lightweight, data-driven framework for building-level mobile device location recognition that integrates indoor/outdoor (I/O) classification and building matching using limited sensor data. A random forest model is trained on a structured, scene-diverse sample library to classify I/O status based on multi-sensor features. For devices identified as indoors, building identification is performed using a Bayesian inference model that incorporates prior knowledge derived from anonymous crowdsourced data, leveraging spatial heterogeneity in sensor feature distributions across candidate buildings. Experiments conducted in three Chinese cities demonstrated that I/O classification achieved over 90% accuracy, and building matching based on crowdsourced data achieved at least 70% precision using only satellite or Wi-Fi features. Our approach requires no infrastructure deployment or extensive labeled data, offering a scalable and practical solution for building-level location inference across large and heterogeneous regions.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2512410Indoor/outdoor differentiationbuilding matchingdata-driven positioningspatial analysislocation recognition
spellingShingle Die Zhang
Xin Liu
Yong Ge
Yixi Wei
Mengxiao Liu
Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
International Journal of Digital Earth
Indoor/outdoor differentiation
building matching
data-driven positioning
spatial analysis
location recognition
title Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
title_full Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
title_fullStr Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
title_full_unstemmed Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
title_short Urban building-level positioning using data-driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
title_sort urban building level positioning using data driven algorithms enhanced by spatial variations in sensor features
topic Indoor/outdoor differentiation
building matching
data-driven positioning
spatial analysis
location recognition
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2512410
work_keys_str_mv AT diezhang urbanbuildinglevelpositioningusingdatadrivenalgorithmsenhancedbyspatialvariationsinsensorfeatures
AT xinliu urbanbuildinglevelpositioningusingdatadrivenalgorithmsenhancedbyspatialvariationsinsensorfeatures
AT yongge urbanbuildinglevelpositioningusingdatadrivenalgorithmsenhancedbyspatialvariationsinsensorfeatures
AT yixiwei urbanbuildinglevelpositioningusingdatadrivenalgorithmsenhancedbyspatialvariationsinsensorfeatures
AT mengxiaoliu urbanbuildinglevelpositioningusingdatadrivenalgorithmsenhancedbyspatialvariationsinsensorfeatures