Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells

Abstract Wearable thermocells offer a sustainable energy solution for wearable electronics but are hindered by poor fatigue resistance, low fracture energy, and thermal inefficiencies. In this study, we present a high-strength, fatigue-resistant thermocell with enhanced thermoelectric performance th...

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Main Authors: Lili Liu, Ding Zhang, Peijia Bai, Yanjie Fang, Jiaqi Guo, Qi Li, Rujun Ma
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-02-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57233-7
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author Lili Liu
Ding Zhang
Peijia Bai
Yanjie Fang
Jiaqi Guo
Qi Li
Rujun Ma
author_facet Lili Liu
Ding Zhang
Peijia Bai
Yanjie Fang
Jiaqi Guo
Qi Li
Rujun Ma
author_sort Lili Liu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Wearable thermocells offer a sustainable energy solution for wearable electronics but are hindered by poor fatigue resistance, low fracture energy, and thermal inefficiencies. In this study, we present a high-strength, fatigue-resistant thermocell with enhanced thermoelectric performance through solvent exchange-assisted annealing and chaotropic effect-enhanced thermoelectric properties. The mechanical strength and toughness are improved by forming macromolecular crystal domains and entangling polymer chains. Guanidine ions, with strong chaotropic properties, optimize the solvation layer of redox ion couple, boosting thermoelectric efficiency. Compared to existing anti-fatigue thermocells, the current design exhibits a 20-fold increase in mechanical toughness (368 kJ m-2) and a 3-fold increase in Seebeck coefficient (5.4 mV K-1). With an ultimate tensile strength of 12 MPa, a fatigue threshold of 4.1 kJ m-2, and a specific output power density of 714 μW m-2 K-2, this thermocell outperforms existing designs, enabling more reliable and efficient wearable electronics and stretchable devices.
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issn 2041-1723
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spelling doaj-art-577c55e587e842c885ac0d5c5b55c40a2025-08-20T03:04:07ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-02-0116111010.1038/s41467-025-57233-7Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocellsLili Liu0Ding Zhang1Peijia Bai2Yanjie Fang3Jiaqi Guo4Qi Li5Rujun Ma6School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversitySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai UniversityAbstract Wearable thermocells offer a sustainable energy solution for wearable electronics but are hindered by poor fatigue resistance, low fracture energy, and thermal inefficiencies. In this study, we present a high-strength, fatigue-resistant thermocell with enhanced thermoelectric performance through solvent exchange-assisted annealing and chaotropic effect-enhanced thermoelectric properties. The mechanical strength and toughness are improved by forming macromolecular crystal domains and entangling polymer chains. Guanidine ions, with strong chaotropic properties, optimize the solvation layer of redox ion couple, boosting thermoelectric efficiency. Compared to existing anti-fatigue thermocells, the current design exhibits a 20-fold increase in mechanical toughness (368 kJ m-2) and a 3-fold increase in Seebeck coefficient (5.4 mV K-1). With an ultimate tensile strength of 12 MPa, a fatigue threshold of 4.1 kJ m-2, and a specific output power density of 714 μW m-2 K-2, this thermocell outperforms existing designs, enabling more reliable and efficient wearable electronics and stretchable devices.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57233-7
spellingShingle Lili Liu
Ding Zhang
Peijia Bai
Yanjie Fang
Jiaqi Guo
Qi Li
Rujun Ma
Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
Nature Communications
title Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
title_full Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
title_fullStr Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
title_full_unstemmed Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
title_short Fatigue-resistant and super-tough thermocells
title_sort fatigue resistant and super tough thermocells
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57233-7
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