A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia
Abstract Background Various non-invasive indicators such as ocular attributes have been tested and validated for the assessment of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in human medical sciences with promising results. However, regarding veterinary diagnostics/prognostics, there is limited literature for...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | BMC Veterinary Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04618-x |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849389909564981248 |
|---|---|
| author | Mushtaq Hussain Lashari Anna Abdullah Fouzia Nazir Asma Iqbal Muhammad Abrar Afzal Umer Farooq Musadiq Idris Musarrat Abbas Khan Faisal Shahzad Mahad Azam Khawar Ali Shahzad Dalia Fouad Farid Shokry Ataya Shagufta Nasreen |
| author_facet | Mushtaq Hussain Lashari Anna Abdullah Fouzia Nazir Asma Iqbal Muhammad Abrar Afzal Umer Farooq Musadiq Idris Musarrat Abbas Khan Faisal Shahzad Mahad Azam Khawar Ali Shahzad Dalia Fouad Farid Shokry Ataya Shagufta Nasreen |
| author_sort | Mushtaq Hussain Lashari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Various non-invasive indicators such as ocular attributes have been tested and validated for the assessment of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in human medical sciences with promising results. However, regarding veterinary diagnostics/prognostics, there is limited literature for photometric assessment of anemia in cattle. The present preliminary study is the first account of digital quantification of various ocular attributes in cattle (n = 36) carried out with an objective to unearth the potential of these attributes (RGB analysis and morphometry of eyeballs, and color of palpebral conjunctiva) as non-invasive predictors of RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results The results showed that green (r = 0.571), blue (r = 0.706), yellow (r = 0.624), black (r = 0.712) and whiteness (r = 0.778) of cattle eye were positively and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with Hb with 67.0% predictability for overall model. Similarly, red (r= -0.536), green (r= -0.565), magenta (r= -0.409), yellow (r= -0.563), black (r = 0.700) and whiteness (r= -0.805) were highly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with Hb with a strong overall model predictability of 67.6%. The associations with RBC count were, however, weaker and non-significant (23% predictability). Conclusions It is concluded that various ocular attributes of cattle, particularly blue, yellow, black, whiteness and lightness, could serve as non-invasive indicators of Hb and PCV, assisting in detecting of anemia. The palpebral conjunctiva color chart developed through this preliminary data could function as an on-field point-of-care testing (POCT) tool to predict Hb and PCV levels in cattle. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-572fee7a8e4841c689e17611e8fbe2f2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1746-6148 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Veterinary Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-572fee7a8e4841c689e17611e8fbe2f22025-08-20T03:41:49ZengBMCBMC Veterinary Research1746-61482025-03-0121111010.1186/s12917-025-04618-xA preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemiaMushtaq Hussain Lashari0Anna Abdullah1Fouzia Nazir2Asma Iqbal3Muhammad Abrar Afzal4Umer Farooq5Musadiq Idris6Musarrat Abbas Khan7Faisal Shahzad8Mahad Azam9Khawar Ali Shahzad10Dalia Fouad11Farid Shokry Ataya12Shagufta Nasreen13Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Zoology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Zoology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Zoology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Physiology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Physiology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Physiology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Animal Breeding & Genetics, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Livestock Management, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Zoology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurAbstract Background Various non-invasive indicators such as ocular attributes have been tested and validated for the assessment of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in human medical sciences with promising results. However, regarding veterinary diagnostics/prognostics, there is limited literature for photometric assessment of anemia in cattle. The present preliminary study is the first account of digital quantification of various ocular attributes in cattle (n = 36) carried out with an objective to unearth the potential of these attributes (RGB analysis and morphometry of eyeballs, and color of palpebral conjunctiva) as non-invasive predictors of RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results The results showed that green (r = 0.571), blue (r = 0.706), yellow (r = 0.624), black (r = 0.712) and whiteness (r = 0.778) of cattle eye were positively and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with Hb with 67.0% predictability for overall model. Similarly, red (r= -0.536), green (r= -0.565), magenta (r= -0.409), yellow (r= -0.563), black (r = 0.700) and whiteness (r= -0.805) were highly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with Hb with a strong overall model predictability of 67.6%. The associations with RBC count were, however, weaker and non-significant (23% predictability). Conclusions It is concluded that various ocular attributes of cattle, particularly blue, yellow, black, whiteness and lightness, could serve as non-invasive indicators of Hb and PCV, assisting in detecting of anemia. The palpebral conjunctiva color chart developed through this preliminary data could function as an on-field point-of-care testing (POCT) tool to predict Hb and PCV levels in cattle.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04618-xAnemiaNon-invasive indicatorsOcular attributesAnemiaPoint-of-care-tests |
| spellingShingle | Mushtaq Hussain Lashari Anna Abdullah Fouzia Nazir Asma Iqbal Muhammad Abrar Afzal Umer Farooq Musadiq Idris Musarrat Abbas Khan Faisal Shahzad Mahad Azam Khawar Ali Shahzad Dalia Fouad Farid Shokry Ataya Shagufta Nasreen A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia BMC Veterinary Research Anemia Non-invasive indicators Ocular attributes Anemia Point-of-care-tests |
| title | A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia |
| title_full | A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia |
| title_fullStr | A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia |
| title_full_unstemmed | A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia |
| title_short | A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia |
| title_sort | preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non invasive indicators of anemia |
| topic | Anemia Non-invasive indicators Ocular attributes Anemia Point-of-care-tests |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04618-x |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mushtaqhussainlashari apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT annaabdullah apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT fouzianazir apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT asmaiqbal apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT muhammadabrarafzal apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT umerfarooq apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT musadiqidris apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT musarratabbaskhan apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT faisalshahzad apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT mahadazam apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT khawaralishahzad apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT daliafouad apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT faridshokryataya apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT shaguftanasreen apreliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT mushtaqhussainlashari preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT annaabdullah preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT fouzianazir preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT asmaiqbal preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT muhammadabrarafzal preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT umerfarooq preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT musadiqidris preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT musarratabbaskhan preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT faisalshahzad preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT mahadazam preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT khawaralishahzad preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT daliafouad preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT faridshokryataya preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia AT shaguftanasreen preliminarystudyondigitalquantificationofocularattributesincattleaspotentialnoninvasiveindicatorsofanemia |