Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation and selection framework for extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) measurement instruments. Recognizing the diversity of application environments and technical constraints, the framework addresses the challenges of selecting appropriate...

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Main Authors: Phoka C. Rathebe, Mota Kholopo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4866
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author Phoka C. Rathebe
Mota Kholopo
author_facet Phoka C. Rathebe
Mota Kholopo
author_sort Phoka C. Rathebe
collection DOAJ
description This study presents a comprehensive evaluation and selection framework for extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) measurement instruments. Recognizing the diversity of application environments and technical constraints, the framework addresses the challenges of selecting appropriate tools for specific scenarios. It integrates a structured, quantitative approach through a weighted scoring matrix that evaluates instrumentation across six criteria: monitoring duration, sensitivity, environmental adaptability, biological/regulatory relevance, usability, and cost. Complementing this is a logic-based flowchart that visually guides decision-making based on user-defined operational needs. The framework is applied to a realistic occupational case study, demonstrating its effectiveness in producing evidence-based, scenario-sensitive instrument recommendations. This method provides stakeholders with a transparent and adaptable tool for ELF-EMF device selection.
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spelling doaj-art-56fddbc128ed414da199d2e05af59d292025-08-20T03:04:43ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-08-012515486610.3390/s25154866Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic FieldsPhoka C. Rathebe0Mota Kholopo1Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation and selection framework for extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) measurement instruments. Recognizing the diversity of application environments and technical constraints, the framework addresses the challenges of selecting appropriate tools for specific scenarios. It integrates a structured, quantitative approach through a weighted scoring matrix that evaluates instrumentation across six criteria: monitoring duration, sensitivity, environmental adaptability, biological/regulatory relevance, usability, and cost. Complementing this is a logic-based flowchart that visually guides decision-making based on user-defined operational needs. The framework is applied to a realistic occupational case study, demonstrating its effectiveness in producing evidence-based, scenario-sensitive instrument recommendations. This method provides stakeholders with a transparent and adaptable tool for ELF-EMF device selection.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4866ELF-EMFsinstrumentationshort-term monitoringlong-term measurementshealth and safety standardsSQUID
spellingShingle Phoka C. Rathebe
Mota Kholopo
Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Sensors
ELF-EMFs
instrumentation
short-term monitoring
long-term measurements
health and safety standards
SQUID
title Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
title_full Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
title_fullStr Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
title_full_unstemmed Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
title_short Instruments and Measurement Techniques to Assess Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
title_sort instruments and measurement techniques to assess extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields
topic ELF-EMFs
instrumentation
short-term monitoring
long-term measurements
health and safety standards
SQUID
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4866
work_keys_str_mv AT phokacrathebe instrumentsandmeasurementtechniquestoassessextremelylowfrequencyelectromagneticfields
AT motakholopo instrumentsandmeasurementtechniquestoassessextremelylowfrequencyelectromagneticfields