Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states

Abstract Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device con...

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Main Authors: James O’Sullivan, Kevin Reuer, Aleksandr Grigorev, Xi Dai, Alonso Hernández-Antón, Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias, Christoph Hellings, Alexander Flasby, Dante Colao Zanuz, Jean-Claude Besse, Alexandre Blais, Daniel Malz, Christopher Eichler, Andreas Wallraff
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60472-3
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author James O’Sullivan
Kevin Reuer
Aleksandr Grigorev
Xi Dai
Alonso Hernández-Antón
Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias
Christoph Hellings
Alexander Flasby
Dante Colao Zanuz
Jean-Claude Besse
Alexandre Blais
Daniel Malz
Christopher Eichler
Andreas Wallraff
author_facet James O’Sullivan
Kevin Reuer
Aleksandr Grigorev
Xi Dai
Alonso Hernández-Antón
Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias
Christoph Hellings
Alexander Flasby
Dante Colao Zanuz
Jean-Claude Besse
Alexandre Blais
Daniel Malz
Christopher Eichler
Andreas Wallraff
author_sort James O’Sullivan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device consists of a pair of coupled superconducting transmon qubits which are each tuneably coupled to a common output waveguide. This architecture permits entanglement between each transmon and a deterministically emitted photonic qubit. By interleaving two-qubit gates with controlled photon emission, we generate 2 × n grids of time- and frequency-multiplexed cluster states of itinerant microwave photons. We generate states with fidelities above 0.50 for up to eight qubits and, in addition, observe nonzero localizable entanglement for states of up to 16 qubits. We expect the device architecture to be capable of generating a wide range of other tensor network states such as tree graph states, repeater states or the ground state of the toric code, and to be readily scalable to generate larger and higher dimensional states.
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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spelling doaj-art-56f9c92b0c684e0c81fbe5f59356e5bd2025-08-20T04:01:41ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-07-011611710.1038/s41467-025-60472-3Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster statesJames O’Sullivan0Kevin Reuer1Aleksandr Grigorev2Xi Dai3Alonso Hernández-Antón4Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias5Christoph Hellings6Alexander Flasby7Dante Colao Zanuz8Jean-Claude Besse9Alexandre Blais10Daniel Malz11Christopher Eichler12Andreas Wallraff13Department of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichInstitut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de SherbrookeDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichInstitut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de SherbrookeDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichDepartment of Physics, ETH ZurichAbstract Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device consists of a pair of coupled superconducting transmon qubits which are each tuneably coupled to a common output waveguide. This architecture permits entanglement between each transmon and a deterministically emitted photonic qubit. By interleaving two-qubit gates with controlled photon emission, we generate 2 × n grids of time- and frequency-multiplexed cluster states of itinerant microwave photons. We generate states with fidelities above 0.50 for up to eight qubits and, in addition, observe nonzero localizable entanglement for states of up to 16 qubits. We expect the device architecture to be capable of generating a wide range of other tensor network states such as tree graph states, repeater states or the ground state of the toric code, and to be readily scalable to generate larger and higher dimensional states.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60472-3
spellingShingle James O’Sullivan
Kevin Reuer
Aleksandr Grigorev
Xi Dai
Alonso Hernández-Antón
Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias
Christoph Hellings
Alexander Flasby
Dante Colao Zanuz
Jean-Claude Besse
Alexandre Blais
Daniel Malz
Christopher Eichler
Andreas Wallraff
Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
Nature Communications
title Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
title_full Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
title_fullStr Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
title_full_unstemmed Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
title_short Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states
title_sort deterministic generation of two dimensional multi photon cluster states
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60472-3
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