Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body
Introduction This study reviews the different steps involved in trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) formation, a gut microbiota (GM)-derived compound that promotes cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. The formation of TMAO is a metaorganismal process, where trimethylamine (TMA), produced from the di...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Annals of Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2025.2525403 |
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| author | Ylenia Heinrich-Sanchez Marius Vital |
| author_facet | Ylenia Heinrich-Sanchez Marius Vital |
| author_sort | Ylenia Heinrich-Sanchez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction This study reviews the different steps involved in trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) formation, a gut microbiota (GM)-derived compound that promotes cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. The formation of TMAO is a metaorganismal process, where trimethylamine (TMA), produced from the dietary precursors betaine, L-carnitine and choline by various members of GM, is absorbed and subsequently oxidized by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases before entering the circulation.Results and discussion We provide an updated database on members of GM exhibiting different biochemical pathways and give comprehensive insights into tested as well as hypothetical treatment options to reduce TMAO concentrations in the body. Different angles involving nutrition, TMA-producing bacteria, and their enzymes, as well as host enzymes, are discussed.Conclusion The study underlines the importance to design personalized therapies taking individual features, such as dietary habits and GM composition, into account. Given the multistep nature of TMAO formation, individualized precision multi-target strategies, for instance, reducing dietary precursors in combination with specific modulations of GM limiting growth/activity of TMA-producing bacteria, might be most successful. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-56f3e0fadc6149e29fbdf2acae1dca98 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0785-3890 1365-2060 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-56f3e0fadc6149e29fbdf2acae1dca982025-08-20T02:37:36ZengTaylor & Francis GroupAnnals of Medicine0785-38901365-20602025-12-0157110.1080/07853890.2025.2525403Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human bodyYlenia Heinrich-Sanchez0Marius Vital1Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyInstitute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyIntroduction This study reviews the different steps involved in trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) formation, a gut microbiota (GM)-derived compound that promotes cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. The formation of TMAO is a metaorganismal process, where trimethylamine (TMA), produced from the dietary precursors betaine, L-carnitine and choline by various members of GM, is absorbed and subsequently oxidized by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases before entering the circulation.Results and discussion We provide an updated database on members of GM exhibiting different biochemical pathways and give comprehensive insights into tested as well as hypothetical treatment options to reduce TMAO concentrations in the body. Different angles involving nutrition, TMA-producing bacteria, and their enzymes, as well as host enzymes, are discussed.Conclusion The study underlines the importance to design personalized therapies taking individual features, such as dietary habits and GM composition, into account. Given the multistep nature of TMAO formation, individualized precision multi-target strategies, for instance, reducing dietary precursors in combination with specific modulations of GM limiting growth/activity of TMA-producing bacteria, might be most successful.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2025.2525403TrimethylamineTMAOcardiovascular diseasemicrobiotaintervention |
| spellingShingle | Ylenia Heinrich-Sanchez Marius Vital Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body Annals of Medicine Trimethylamine TMAO cardiovascular disease microbiota intervention |
| title | Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| title_full | Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| title_fullStr | Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| title_short | Trimethylamine-N-oxide formation, the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| title_sort | trimethylamine n oxide formation the bacterial taxa involved and intervention strategies to reduce its concentration in the human body |
| topic | Trimethylamine TMAO cardiovascular disease microbiota intervention |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2025.2525403 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yleniaheinrichsanchez trimethylaminenoxideformationthebacterialtaxainvolvedandinterventionstrategiestoreduceitsconcentrationinthehumanbody AT mariusvital trimethylaminenoxideformationthebacterialtaxainvolvedandinterventionstrategiestoreduceitsconcentrationinthehumanbody |