NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties
Chitosan (CS)-based films have demonstrated significant potential as biodegradable packaging materials, but their suboptimal barrier and mechanical properties limit practical applications. In this study, CS/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite films were prepared using a NaOH/urea-based alkaline...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2279 |
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| author | Chang Yu Hui Sun Lin Yao Yunxuan Weng |
| author_facet | Chang Yu Hui Sun Lin Yao Yunxuan Weng |
| author_sort | Chang Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chitosan (CS)-based films have demonstrated significant potential as biodegradable packaging materials, but their suboptimal barrier and mechanical properties limit practical applications. In this study, CS/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite films were prepared using a NaOH/urea-based alkaline system. Optimal ratios (1.5% CS, 2% CMC, 2.5% NaOH, and 4% urea) were determined through an L<sub>16</sub>(4<sup>4</sup>) orthogonal array design. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the formation of stable physical crosslinks between CS and CMC via hydrogen bonding. These interactions significantly enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength: 46.08 MPa; elongation at break: 68%), improved thermal stability (maximum decomposition temperature: 304 °C), and superior barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate: 0.26 × 10<sup>−5</sup> g/(m<sup>2</sup>·h·Pa); oxygen transmission rate: 1.12 × 10<sup>−4</sup> g/(m<sup>2</sup>·s)). NaOH concentration exhibited the most pronounced influence on film performance. The composite film combines inherent biodegradability with excellent functional properties, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based packaging materials. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-56de9213f9f5482f875eda487ae94535 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-56de9213f9f5482f875eda487ae945352025-08-20T03:46:52ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-013011227910.3390/molecules30112279NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging PropertiesChang Yu0Hui Sun1Lin Yao2Yunxuan Weng3College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaCollege of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaCollege of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaCollege of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, ChinaChitosan (CS)-based films have demonstrated significant potential as biodegradable packaging materials, but their suboptimal barrier and mechanical properties limit practical applications. In this study, CS/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite films were prepared using a NaOH/urea-based alkaline system. Optimal ratios (1.5% CS, 2% CMC, 2.5% NaOH, and 4% urea) were determined through an L<sub>16</sub>(4<sup>4</sup>) orthogonal array design. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the formation of stable physical crosslinks between CS and CMC via hydrogen bonding. These interactions significantly enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength: 46.08 MPa; elongation at break: 68%), improved thermal stability (maximum decomposition temperature: 304 °C), and superior barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate: 0.26 × 10<sup>−5</sup> g/(m<sup>2</sup>·h·Pa); oxygen transmission rate: 1.12 × 10<sup>−4</sup> g/(m<sup>2</sup>·s)). NaOH concentration exhibited the most pronounced influence on film performance. The composite film combines inherent biodegradability with excellent functional properties, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based packaging materials.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2279NaOH/urea systemcarboxymethyl cellulosechitosanorthogonal testbiodegradable film |
| spellingShingle | Chang Yu Hui Sun Lin Yao Yunxuan Weng NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties Molecules NaOH/urea system carboxymethyl cellulose chitosan orthogonal test biodegradable film |
| title | NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties |
| title_full | NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties |
| title_fullStr | NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties |
| title_short | NaOH/Urea-Compatible Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose Films: Orthogonal Optimization of Packaging Properties |
| title_sort | naoh urea compatible chitosan carboxymethylcellulose films orthogonal optimization of packaging properties |
| topic | NaOH/urea system carboxymethyl cellulose chitosan orthogonal test biodegradable film |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2279 |
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