Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients

Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse, impacts 10%–20% of couples globally. Both male and female factors contribute equally to this condition. Azoospermia, particularly nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which affects 10%–15% of infertile me...

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Main Authors: Hao-Cheng Lin, Yan Chen, Yang-Yi Fang, Kai Hong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications 2025-05-01
Series:Asian Journal of Andrology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aja2024102
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author Hao-Cheng Lin
Yan Chen
Yang-Yi Fang
Kai Hong
author_facet Hao-Cheng Lin
Yan Chen
Yang-Yi Fang
Kai Hong
author_sort Hao-Cheng Lin
collection DOAJ
description Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse, impacts 10%–20% of couples globally. Both male and female factors contribute equally to this condition. Azoospermia, particularly nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which affects 10%–15% of infertile men, represents a significant challenge in male infertility. The advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), offers a possibility for men with NOA to father biological children. Recent studies have focused on the predictors of sperm retrieval in NOA patients, such as age, testicular volume, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level. This review aims to explore the limited data on the anatomical characteristics of NOA patients and provide surgical considerations for micro-TESE, thereby enhancing understanding and improving outcomes for this challenging condition.
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
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series Asian Journal of Andrology
spelling doaj-art-56bf81dabcd44d11b720ed9701bbc7ff2025-08-20T02:01:57ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsAsian Journal of Andrology1008-682X1745-72622025-05-0127328829210.4103/aja2024102Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patientsHao-Cheng LinYan ChenYang-Yi FangKai HongInfertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse, impacts 10%–20% of couples globally. Both male and female factors contribute equally to this condition. Azoospermia, particularly nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which affects 10%–15% of infertile men, represents a significant challenge in male infertility. The advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), offers a possibility for men with NOA to father biological children. Recent studies have focused on the predictors of sperm retrieval in NOA patients, such as age, testicular volume, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level. This review aims to explore the limited data on the anatomical characteristics of NOA patients and provide surgical considerations for micro-TESE, thereby enhancing understanding and improving outcomes for this challenging condition.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aja2024102azoospermiamale infertilitymicrosurgical sperm retrievalnonobstructive azoospermiatesticular anatomy
spellingShingle Hao-Cheng Lin
Yan Chen
Yang-Yi Fang
Kai Hong
Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
Asian Journal of Andrology
azoospermia
male infertility
microsurgical sperm retrieval
nonobstructive azoospermia
testicular anatomy
title Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
title_full Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
title_fullStr Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
title_full_unstemmed Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
title_short Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
title_sort anatomical considerations testicular and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients
topic azoospermia
male infertility
microsurgical sperm retrieval
nonobstructive azoospermia
testicular anatomy
url https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aja2024102
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