Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution

In this study, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> (FS-FT (0 g)) photocatalysts, featuring a magnetic core–shell structure, and Fe-doped Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<s...

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Main Authors: Li Sun, Zilong Li, Zhigang Yuan, Ying Liu, Shunqi Mei, Fanhe Meng, Xingyu Ouyang, Yi Xiong, Ke Zhang, Zhen Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3781
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author Li Sun
Zilong Li
Zhigang Yuan
Ying Liu
Shunqi Mei
Fanhe Meng
Xingyu Ouyang
Yi Xiong
Ke Zhang
Zhen Chen
author_facet Li Sun
Zilong Li
Zhigang Yuan
Ying Liu
Shunqi Mei
Fanhe Meng
Xingyu Ouyang
Yi Xiong
Ke Zhang
Zhen Chen
author_sort Li Sun
collection DOAJ
description In this study, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> (FS-FT (0 g)) photocatalysts, featuring a magnetic core–shell structure, and Fe-doped Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> (FS-FT (x g)) photocatalysts, were fabricated via the sol–gel method. Structural and compositional analyses of the processed samples were systematically conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and optical property assessment via UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The results show that TiO<sub>2</sub> on the outer layer of FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (x g) has an anatase structure, and that Fe is doped into FS-FT (x g). The photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (x g) with various Fe doping levels was evaluated in both pure MO (C<sub>0</sub> = 10 mg/L) and MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solutions. Under irradiation with high-pressure mercury lamps, the removal rates of MO using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (0.36 g) in pure MO solution reached 90.25% and 99% at 25 min, respectively, which indicates that FS-FT (0.36 g) can enhance photocatalytic performance. The removal rates of MO using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (0.36 g) in MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solution (C<sub>0</sub> = 10 mg/L, C<sub>Na2SO4</sub> = 12.5 g/L) reached 92.38% and 97.16% at 25 min, respectively. The removal rate of MO using FS-FT (0.36 g) decreased in MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solution in the previous 25 min, which indicates that Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> can inhibit degradation using FS-FT (0.36 g). The degradation experiments of MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solutions with different concentrations of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> using FS-FT (0.36 g) showed that as the concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> increases, the inhibitory effect becomes more pronounced. Recovery and recycling experiments confirmed that the photocatalyst exhibited robust degradation performance over multiple cycles. Kinetic analysis of the photocatalytic data, based on a first-order model, was conducted to explore the underlying degradation principles.
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spelling doaj-art-56a76033bc60430bbd6516d2ba26b5c42025-08-20T03:08:44ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-03-01157378110.3390/app15073781Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> SolutionLi Sun0Zilong Li1Zhigang Yuan2Ying Liu3Shunqi Mei4Fanhe Meng5Xingyu Ouyang6Yi Xiong7Ke Zhang8Zhen Chen9Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaAnalytical and Testing Center of Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaAnalytical and Testing Center of Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaAnalytical and Testing Center of Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, ChinaIn this study, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> (FS-FT (0 g)) photocatalysts, featuring a magnetic core–shell structure, and Fe-doped Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> (FS-FT (x g)) photocatalysts, were fabricated via the sol–gel method. Structural and compositional analyses of the processed samples were systematically conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and optical property assessment via UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The results show that TiO<sub>2</sub> on the outer layer of FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (x g) has an anatase structure, and that Fe is doped into FS-FT (x g). The photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (x g) with various Fe doping levels was evaluated in both pure MO (C<sub>0</sub> = 10 mg/L) and MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solutions. Under irradiation with high-pressure mercury lamps, the removal rates of MO using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (0.36 g) in pure MO solution reached 90.25% and 99% at 25 min, respectively, which indicates that FS-FT (0.36 g) can enhance photocatalytic performance. The removal rates of MO using FS-FT (0 g) and FS-FT (0.36 g) in MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solution (C<sub>0</sub> = 10 mg/L, C<sub>Na2SO4</sub> = 12.5 g/L) reached 92.38% and 97.16% at 25 min, respectively. The removal rate of MO using FS-FT (0.36 g) decreased in MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solution in the previous 25 min, which indicates that Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> can inhibit degradation using FS-FT (0.36 g). The degradation experiments of MO-Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-blended solutions with different concentrations of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> using FS-FT (0.36 g) showed that as the concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> increases, the inhibitory effect becomes more pronounced. Recovery and recycling experiments confirmed that the photocatalyst exhibited robust degradation performance over multiple cycles. Kinetic analysis of the photocatalytic data, based on a first-order model, was conducted to explore the underlying degradation principles.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3781photocatalytic degradationFe-dopingTiO<sub>2</sub>methyl orangesodium sulfate
spellingShingle Li Sun
Zilong Li
Zhigang Yuan
Ying Liu
Shunqi Mei
Fanhe Meng
Xingyu Ouyang
Yi Xiong
Ke Zhang
Zhen Chen
Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
Applied Sciences
photocatalytic degradation
Fe-doping
TiO<sub>2</sub>
methyl orange
sodium sulfate
title Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
title_full Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
title_fullStr Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
title_full_unstemmed Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
title_short Preparation of Magnetic Photocatalyst Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>@Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Methyl Orange in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution
title_sort preparation of magnetic photocatalyst fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub sio sub 2 sub fe tio sub 2 sub and photocatalytic degradation performance of methyl orange in na sub 2 sub so sub 4 sub solution
topic photocatalytic degradation
Fe-doping
TiO<sub>2</sub>
methyl orange
sodium sulfate
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/7/3781
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