Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> After many years of research and the successful development of therapeutic products by a few industrial actors, the COVID-19 vaccines brought messenger RNAs, as well as other nucleic acid modalities, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA,...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Maxime Tufeu Christophe Herkenne Yogeshvar N. Kalia |
| author_facet | Maxime Tufeu Christophe Herkenne Yogeshvar N. Kalia |
| author_sort | Maxime Tufeu |
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| description | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> After many years of research and the successful development of therapeutic products by a few industrial actors, the COVID-19 vaccines brought messenger RNAs, as well as other nucleic acid modalities, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and aptamers, into the spotlight, eliciting renewed interest from both academia and industry. However, owing to their structure, relative “fragility”, and the (usually) intracellular site of action, the delivery of these therapeutics has frequently proven to be a key limitation, especially when considering endosomal escape, which still needs to be overcome. <b>Methods</b>: By compiling delivery-related data on approved and late clinical-phase ribonucleic acid therapeutics, this review aims to assess the delivery strategies that have proven to be successful or are emerging, as well as areas where more research is needed. <b>Results</b>: In very specific cases, some strategies appeared to be quite effective, such as the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety in the case of liver delivery. Surprisingly, it also appears that for some modalities, efforts in molecular design have led to more “drug-like” properties, enablingthe administration of naked nucleic acids, without any form of encapsulation. This appears to be especially true when local administration, i.e., by injection, is possible, as this provides de facto targeting and a high local concentration, which can compensate for the small proportion of nucleic acids that reach the cytoplasm. <b>Conclusions</b>: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have come a long way in terms of their physicochemical properties. However, due to their inherent limitations, targeting appears to be crucial for their efficacy, even more so than for traditional pharmaceutical modalities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5676b69f88aa4c69b98f6acedb910ff9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-5676b69f88aa4c69b98f6acedb910ff92025-08-20T03:32:15ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-07-0117790310.3390/pharmaceutics17070903Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA TherapeuticsMaxime Tufeu0Christophe Herkenne1Yogeshvar N. Kalia2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, SwitzerlandDebiopharm Research and Manufacturing, 1920 Martigny, SwitzerlandSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland<b>Background/Objectives:</b> After many years of research and the successful development of therapeutic products by a few industrial actors, the COVID-19 vaccines brought messenger RNAs, as well as other nucleic acid modalities, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and aptamers, into the spotlight, eliciting renewed interest from both academia and industry. However, owing to their structure, relative “fragility”, and the (usually) intracellular site of action, the delivery of these therapeutics has frequently proven to be a key limitation, especially when considering endosomal escape, which still needs to be overcome. <b>Methods</b>: By compiling delivery-related data on approved and late clinical-phase ribonucleic acid therapeutics, this review aims to assess the delivery strategies that have proven to be successful or are emerging, as well as areas where more research is needed. <b>Results</b>: In very specific cases, some strategies appeared to be quite effective, such as the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety in the case of liver delivery. Surprisingly, it also appears that for some modalities, efforts in molecular design have led to more “drug-like” properties, enablingthe administration of naked nucleic acids, without any form of encapsulation. This appears to be especially true when local administration, i.e., by injection, is possible, as this provides de facto targeting and a high local concentration, which can compensate for the small proportion of nucleic acids that reach the cytoplasm. <b>Conclusions</b>: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have come a long way in terms of their physicochemical properties. However, due to their inherent limitations, targeting appears to be crucial for their efficacy, even more so than for traditional pharmaceutical modalities.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/903nucleic acidsdeliverytargetingtopicallocal administrationendosomal escape |
| spellingShingle | Maxime Tufeu Christophe Herkenne Yogeshvar N. Kalia Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics Pharmaceutics nucleic acids delivery targeting topical local administration endosomal escape |
| title | Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics |
| title_full | Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics |
| title_fullStr | Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics |
| title_short | Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics |
| title_sort | trends and commonalities of approved and late clinical phase rna therapeutics |
| topic | nucleic acids delivery targeting topical local administration endosomal escape |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/903 |
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