Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has gained attention as a diagnostic gateway for lung diseases, brain–gut microbiota dysbiosis, and biobanking. Due to its non-invasive and fast collection method, EBC collection is not under temporal or volume limitations. Nonetheless, conventional EBC screening meth...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Nanotheranostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-845X/6/2/14 |
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| author | Esther Ghanem |
| author_facet | Esther Ghanem |
| author_sort | Esther Ghanem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has gained attention as a diagnostic gateway for lung diseases, brain–gut microbiota dysbiosis, and biobanking. Due to its non-invasive and fast collection method, EBC collection is not under temporal or volume limitations. Nonetheless, conventional EBC screening methods are complex and require high operational costs and expertise. Thus, the advent of nanotechnology has introduced efforts for using nanosensors as EBC analyzers. Over the past decade, multiple EBC-based studies reported the successful use of functionalized nanosensors to trace oxidative stress, tissue damage, and respiratory diseases. The EBC signature includes biomarkers such as gases (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and VOCs), cations (polyamines), fatty acids, cytokines, and aldehydes, in addition to traces of drugs and antibiotics. A common feature of nanosensors is their ability to amplify signals and rapidly detect EBC analytes with high sensitivity and specificity. Based on the collected data, standardizing the collection protocol and read-out methods across laboratories is essential for optimal data comparability. Larger cohorts should be considered to ensure a reliable reproducibility of the reported outputs. Future research directions should employ EBC-based nanosensors to unravel the unexplored omics of lung diseases, especially those linked to the brain–gut microbiota that might influence airway immunity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5667e61af0d64bfd9defb2386eed911e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2624-845X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Nanotheranostics |
| spelling | doaj-art-5667e61af0d64bfd9defb2386eed911e2025-08-20T03:27:17ZengMDPI AGJournal of Nanotheranostics2624-845X2025-05-01621410.3390/jnt6020014Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and ProspectsEsther Ghanem0Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University–Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh P.O. Box 72, LebanonExhaled breath condensate (EBC) has gained attention as a diagnostic gateway for lung diseases, brain–gut microbiota dysbiosis, and biobanking. Due to its non-invasive and fast collection method, EBC collection is not under temporal or volume limitations. Nonetheless, conventional EBC screening methods are complex and require high operational costs and expertise. Thus, the advent of nanotechnology has introduced efforts for using nanosensors as EBC analyzers. Over the past decade, multiple EBC-based studies reported the successful use of functionalized nanosensors to trace oxidative stress, tissue damage, and respiratory diseases. The EBC signature includes biomarkers such as gases (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and VOCs), cations (polyamines), fatty acids, cytokines, and aldehydes, in addition to traces of drugs and antibiotics. A common feature of nanosensors is their ability to amplify signals and rapidly detect EBC analytes with high sensitivity and specificity. Based on the collected data, standardizing the collection protocol and read-out methods across laboratories is essential for optimal data comparability. Larger cohorts should be considered to ensure a reliable reproducibility of the reported outputs. Future research directions should employ EBC-based nanosensors to unravel the unexplored omics of lung diseases, especially those linked to the brain–gut microbiota that might influence airway immunity.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-845X/6/2/14nanosensorsexhaled breath condensate (EBC)limit of detection (LOD)electrochemical sensingbiomarker detectiongold nanoparticles (AuNPs) |
| spellingShingle | Esther Ghanem Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects Journal of Nanotheranostics nanosensors exhaled breath condensate (EBC) limit of detection (LOD) electrochemical sensing biomarker detection gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) |
| title | Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects |
| title_full | Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects |
| title_fullStr | Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects |
| title_short | Nanosensors for Exhaled Breath Condensate: Explored Models, Analytes, and Prospects |
| title_sort | nanosensors for exhaled breath condensate explored models analytes and prospects |
| topic | nanosensors exhaled breath condensate (EBC) limit of detection (LOD) electrochemical sensing biomarker detection gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-845X/6/2/14 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT estherghanem nanosensorsforexhaledbreathcondensateexploredmodelsanalytesandprospects |