Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region

Excessive groundwater extraction in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) has led to land subsidence, making the region more prone to flooding during heavy rain and at risk of being submerged by seawater during high tide. A reliable method for surface deformation measurements needs to be developed t...

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Main Authors: Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim, Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah, Joong-Sun Won, Yu-Chul Park, Chang-Wook Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:GIScience & Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15481603.2025.2465349
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author Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim
Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah
Joong-Sun Won
Yu-Chul Park
Chang-Wook Lee
author_facet Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim
Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah
Joong-Sun Won
Yu-Chul Park
Chang-Wook Lee
author_sort Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim
collection DOAJ
description Excessive groundwater extraction in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) has led to land subsidence, making the region more prone to flooding during heavy rain and at risk of being submerged by seawater during high tide. A reliable method for surface deformation measurements needs to be developed to address this issue. This article examines the use of multitemporal Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from 2015 to 2023. It focuses on processing these data using the Improved Combined Scatterer Interferometry with Optimized Point Scatterers (ICOPS) method, integrated with the MintPy algorithm, to address instances of nonlinear deformation. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated to that of the original ICOPS method using GPS data. According to the RMSE value, the ICOPS-MintPy (CBTU: 1.82 cm/year; CTGR: 0.93 cm/year; CJKT: 1.16 cm/year) outperformed the original ICOPS (CBTU: 1.99 cm/year; CTGR: 1.71 cm/year; CJKT: 1.93 cm/year) method. Thus, the mean deformation rate map obtained with the ICOPS-MintPy algorithm is suitable as an inventory map for identifying areas susceptible to future land subsidence around JMR. A convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) were utilized to generate susceptibility maps. In addition, metaheuristic algorithms were implemented to optimize the parameters of both CNN and LSTM. The metaheuristic algorithms are the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). We intend to employ a combination of deep learning and metaheuristic algorithms to create four hybrid models: CNN-GWO, CNN-ICA, LSTM-GWO, and LSTM-ICA. The performance of these hybrid models will be compared to that of standalone CNN and LSTM algorithms as the base model before parameter optimization. This process will be conducted using the area under the curve (AUC) value from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The susceptibility model performance of the LSTM-GWO has the highest AUC value of 0.976, followed by the CNN-GWO at 0.974, LSTM-ICA at 0.972, LSTM at 0.965, CNN-ICA at 0.960, and CNN at 0.951. Nevertheless, all of the models have excellent performance, as shown by the AUC values between 0.9 and 1.0. Finally, the ICOPS-MintPy algorithm for land subsidence monitoring and hybrid deep learning algorithms for susceptibility mapping resulted in more accurate results due to its improved accuracy.
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spelling doaj-art-55ff1d2d095748a7b1b593efeaf24aeb2025-08-20T02:29:59ZengTaylor & Francis GroupGIScience & Remote Sensing1548-16031943-72262025-12-0162110.1080/15481603.2025.2465349Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan regionWahyu Luqmanul Hakim0Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah1Joong-Sun Won2Yu-Chul Park3Chang-Wook Lee4Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Geophysics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South KoreaDepartment of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of KoreaExcessive groundwater extraction in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) has led to land subsidence, making the region more prone to flooding during heavy rain and at risk of being submerged by seawater during high tide. A reliable method for surface deformation measurements needs to be developed to address this issue. This article examines the use of multitemporal Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from 2015 to 2023. It focuses on processing these data using the Improved Combined Scatterer Interferometry with Optimized Point Scatterers (ICOPS) method, integrated with the MintPy algorithm, to address instances of nonlinear deformation. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated to that of the original ICOPS method using GPS data. According to the RMSE value, the ICOPS-MintPy (CBTU: 1.82 cm/year; CTGR: 0.93 cm/year; CJKT: 1.16 cm/year) outperformed the original ICOPS (CBTU: 1.99 cm/year; CTGR: 1.71 cm/year; CJKT: 1.93 cm/year) method. Thus, the mean deformation rate map obtained with the ICOPS-MintPy algorithm is suitable as an inventory map for identifying areas susceptible to future land subsidence around JMR. A convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) were utilized to generate susceptibility maps. In addition, metaheuristic algorithms were implemented to optimize the parameters of both CNN and LSTM. The metaheuristic algorithms are the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). We intend to employ a combination of deep learning and metaheuristic algorithms to create four hybrid models: CNN-GWO, CNN-ICA, LSTM-GWO, and LSTM-ICA. The performance of these hybrid models will be compared to that of standalone CNN and LSTM algorithms as the base model before parameter optimization. This process will be conducted using the area under the curve (AUC) value from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The susceptibility model performance of the LSTM-GWO has the highest AUC value of 0.976, followed by the CNN-GWO at 0.974, LSTM-ICA at 0.972, LSTM at 0.965, CNN-ICA at 0.960, and CNN at 0.951. Nevertheless, all of the models have excellent performance, as shown by the AUC values between 0.9 and 1.0. Finally, the ICOPS-MintPy algorithm for land subsidence monitoring and hybrid deep learning algorithms for susceptibility mapping resulted in more accurate results due to its improved accuracy.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15481603.2025.2465349Land subsidenceInSARICOPSsusceptibility, deep learning
spellingShingle Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim
Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah
Joong-Sun Won
Yu-Chul Park
Chang-Wook Lee
Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
GIScience & Remote Sensing
Land subsidence
InSAR
ICOPS
susceptibility, deep learning
title Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
title_full Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
title_fullStr Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
title_full_unstemmed Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
title_short Advanced time-series InSAR analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the Jakarta metropolitan region
title_sort advanced time series insar analysis to estimate surface deformation and utilization of hybrid deep learning for susceptibility mapping in the jakarta metropolitan region
topic Land subsidence
InSAR
ICOPS
susceptibility, deep learning
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15481603.2025.2465349
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