Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction
Barley is an ecologically adaptable crop widely used in agriculture and well suited for organic farming. Satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 can support crop monitoring and yield prediction, optimising production processes. This study compares two types of Sentinel-2 data—standard (S2) data with 10 m...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Milen Chanev Ilina Kamenova Petar Dimitrov Lachezar Filchev |
| author_facet | Milen Chanev Ilina Kamenova Petar Dimitrov Lachezar Filchev |
| author_sort | Milen Chanev |
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| description | Barley is an ecologically adaptable crop widely used in agriculture and well suited for organic farming. Satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 can support crop monitoring and yield prediction, optimising production processes. This study compares two types of Sentinel-2 data—standard (S2) data with 10 m and 20 m resolution and Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3 (S2DR3) data with 1 m resolution—to assess their (i) relationship with yield in organically grown barley and (ii) utility for winter crop mapping. Vegetation indices were generated and analysed across different phenological phases to determine the most suitable predictors of yield. The results indicate that using 10 × 10 m data, the BBCH-41 phase is optimal for yield prediction, with the Green Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (GCVI; r = 0.80) showing the strongest correlation with yield. In contrast, S2DR3 data with a 1 × 1 m resolution demonstrated that Transformed the Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (TCARI), TO, and Normalised Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE1) were consistently reliable across all phenological stages, except for BBCH-51, which showed weak correlations. These findings highlight the potential of remote sensing in organic barley farming and emphasise the importance of selecting appropriate data resolutions and vegetation indices for accurate yield prediction. With the use of three-date spectral band stacks, the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Classification (SVC) methods were used to differentiate between wheat, barley, and rapeseed. A five-fold cross-validation approach was applied, training data were stratified with 200 points per crop, and classification accuracy was assessed using the User’s and Producer’s accuracy metrics through pixel-by-pixel comparison with a reference raster. The results for S2 and S2DR3 were very similar to each other, confirming the significant potential of S2DR3 for high-resolution crop mapping. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54e3d6fdb7ad48528bda4cfed8773ccf |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-54e3d6fdb7ad48528bda4cfed8773ccf2025-08-20T01:48:46ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-03-0117695710.3390/rs17060957Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield PredictionMilen Chanev0Ilina Kamenova1Petar Dimitrov2Lachezar Filchev3Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS), 1113 Sofia, BulgariaSpace Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS), 1113 Sofia, BulgariaSpace Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS), 1113 Sofia, BulgariaSpace Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS), 1113 Sofia, BulgariaBarley is an ecologically adaptable crop widely used in agriculture and well suited for organic farming. Satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 can support crop monitoring and yield prediction, optimising production processes. This study compares two types of Sentinel-2 data—standard (S2) data with 10 m and 20 m resolution and Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3 (S2DR3) data with 1 m resolution—to assess their (i) relationship with yield in organically grown barley and (ii) utility for winter crop mapping. Vegetation indices were generated and analysed across different phenological phases to determine the most suitable predictors of yield. The results indicate that using 10 × 10 m data, the BBCH-41 phase is optimal for yield prediction, with the Green Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (GCVI; r = 0.80) showing the strongest correlation with yield. In contrast, S2DR3 data with a 1 × 1 m resolution demonstrated that Transformed the Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (TCARI), TO, and Normalised Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE1) were consistently reliable across all phenological stages, except for BBCH-51, which showed weak correlations. These findings highlight the potential of remote sensing in organic barley farming and emphasise the importance of selecting appropriate data resolutions and vegetation indices for accurate yield prediction. With the use of three-date spectral band stacks, the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Classification (SVC) methods were used to differentiate between wheat, barley, and rapeseed. A five-fold cross-validation approach was applied, training data were stratified with 200 points per crop, and classification accuracy was assessed using the User’s and Producer’s accuracy metrics through pixel-by-pixel comparison with a reference raster. The results for S2 and S2DR3 were very similar to each other, confirming the significant potential of S2DR3 for high-resolution crop mapping.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/6/957Sentinel-2deep resolutionorganic farmingbarleyyield predictioncrop identification |
| spellingShingle | Milen Chanev Ilina Kamenova Petar Dimitrov Lachezar Filchev Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction Remote Sensing Sentinel-2 deep resolution organic farming barley yield prediction crop identification |
| title | Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction |
| title_full | Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction |
| title_short | Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Deep Resolution 3.0 Data for Winter Crop Identification and Organic Barley Yield Prediction |
| title_sort | evaluation of sentinel 2 deep resolution 3 0 data for winter crop identification and organic barley yield prediction |
| topic | Sentinel-2 deep resolution organic farming barley yield prediction crop identification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/6/957 |
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