Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trace elements and pesticide residues are among the crucial problems in the river Watershed ecosystem. The present study aimed to assess the health risk of trace elements and organochlorines to the local inhabitants from fish consumption in Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. Th...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
GJESM Publisher
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.gjesm.net/article_724868_7d7f50efb12b801914ac21a05b95b3e5.pdf |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849319258724499456 |
|---|---|
| author | D. Dwiyitno F. Ariyani G.R. Barokah D. Yogaswara R. Grandiosa E. Frimawaty H.E. Irianto Y. Sani |
| author_facet | D. Dwiyitno F. Ariyani G.R. Barokah D. Yogaswara R. Grandiosa E. Frimawaty H.E. Irianto Y. Sani |
| author_sort | D. Dwiyitno |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trace elements and pesticide residues are among the crucial problems in the river Watershed ecosystem. The present study aimed to assess the health risk of trace elements and organochlorines to the local inhabitants from fish consumption in Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. This study is important as the rapid development of population and industrial activities along Citarum Watershed has contributed to domestic waste production, agricultural run-off, and industrial emissions that could leak into the river watershed.METHODS: This risk assessment was conducted based on the framework according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The concentrations of selected trace elements and organochlorines in fish species from Citarum Watershed were obtained from fish farms in 3 reservoirs (Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur). Data on food consumption used to estimate the contaminant exposure were obtained from individual food consumption surveys of the National Total Diet Study conducted by the Ministry of Health. A deterministic approach was used to estimate the dietary exposure to trace elements and organochlorine pesticides from fish consumption related to the Citarum Watershed in different age groups of the local population. The health risk evaluation is classified into both chronic/non-carcinogenic health risks (hazard quotient) and carcinogenic risk.FINDINGS: The study found that trace elements and organochlorine pesticides were detected in freshwater fish from Citarum Watershed with concentration orders of copper > chrome > lead > mercury > cadmium. The concentrations are generally below the maximum permissible limit according to Indonesian and global regulations. Additionally, organochlorine levels in fish samples were also relatively low compared to the official threshold, with concentration order of heptachlor > lindane > dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane > endosulfan > aldrin > endrin > dieldrin, respectively. Chrome and lead showed the highest contributors for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from trace element exposure, respectively. Additionally, aldrin and heptachlor are the main contributors for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from organochlorine exposure, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that trace elements and organochlorines are unlikely to pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the local populations in Citarum Watershed. However, the worst estimation of cumulative exposure showed that the child population is susceptible to the highest risk. The result of the present study is considered as the lowest risk scenario. Additionally, if there is no improved mitigation program to reduce contamination to Citarum Watershed, there is a possible increased health risks to the local population. There is possible additional risk from other contaminants and other dietary sources, as well as the possible synergistic toxicity among the compounds. To provide a more reliable health risk, further research is required to identify the contamination in wild fish and other dietary sources, as well as to include emerging contaminants. Furthermore, it is important to the related governmental bodies to establish a regular monitoring program as well as to monitor the biota samples. Identification of contaminant sources is important to develop a mitigation strategy and law enforcement for minimizing the use and leakage of the contaminants in the ecosystem and reducing the hazards to public health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54a8ac65638548e6bd39dc06e986bc0c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2383-3572 2383-3866 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | GJESM Publisher |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management |
| spelling | doaj-art-54a8ac65638548e6bd39dc06e986bc0c2025-08-20T03:50:32ZengGJESM PublisherGlobal Journal of Environmental Science and Management2383-35722383-38662025-07-011131221124010.22034/gjesm.2025.03.19724868Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershedD. Dwiyitno0F. Ariyani1G.R. Barokah2D. Yogaswara3R. Grandiosa4E. Frimawaty5H.E. Irianto6Y. Sani7Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911 IndonesiaResearch Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, 15310 IndonesiaResearch Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Gunungkidul 55681 IndonesiaResearch Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 14430 IndonesiaFaculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363 IndonesiaSchool of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430 IndonesiaResearch Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, 15310 IndonesiaResearch Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911 IndonesiaBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trace elements and pesticide residues are among the crucial problems in the river Watershed ecosystem. The present study aimed to assess the health risk of trace elements and organochlorines to the local inhabitants from fish consumption in Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. This study is important as the rapid development of population and industrial activities along Citarum Watershed has contributed to domestic waste production, agricultural run-off, and industrial emissions that could leak into the river watershed.METHODS: This risk assessment was conducted based on the framework according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The concentrations of selected trace elements and organochlorines in fish species from Citarum Watershed were obtained from fish farms in 3 reservoirs (Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur). Data on food consumption used to estimate the contaminant exposure were obtained from individual food consumption surveys of the National Total Diet Study conducted by the Ministry of Health. A deterministic approach was used to estimate the dietary exposure to trace elements and organochlorine pesticides from fish consumption related to the Citarum Watershed in different age groups of the local population. The health risk evaluation is classified into both chronic/non-carcinogenic health risks (hazard quotient) and carcinogenic risk.FINDINGS: The study found that trace elements and organochlorine pesticides were detected in freshwater fish from Citarum Watershed with concentration orders of copper > chrome > lead > mercury > cadmium. The concentrations are generally below the maximum permissible limit according to Indonesian and global regulations. Additionally, organochlorine levels in fish samples were also relatively low compared to the official threshold, with concentration order of heptachlor > lindane > dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane > endosulfan > aldrin > endrin > dieldrin, respectively. Chrome and lead showed the highest contributors for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from trace element exposure, respectively. Additionally, aldrin and heptachlor are the main contributors for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from organochlorine exposure, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that trace elements and organochlorines are unlikely to pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the local populations in Citarum Watershed. However, the worst estimation of cumulative exposure showed that the child population is susceptible to the highest risk. The result of the present study is considered as the lowest risk scenario. Additionally, if there is no improved mitigation program to reduce contamination to Citarum Watershed, there is a possible increased health risks to the local population. There is possible additional risk from other contaminants and other dietary sources, as well as the possible synergistic toxicity among the compounds. To provide a more reliable health risk, further research is required to identify the contamination in wild fish and other dietary sources, as well as to include emerging contaminants. Furthermore, it is important to the related governmental bodies to establish a regular monitoring program as well as to monitor the biota samples. Identification of contaminant sources is important to develop a mitigation strategy and law enforcement for minimizing the use and leakage of the contaminants in the ecosystem and reducing the hazards to public health.https://www.gjesm.net/article_724868_7d7f50efb12b801914ac21a05b95b3e5.pdfcarcinogenichealth risknon-carcinogenicorganochlorinesriver watershedtrace elements |
| spellingShingle | D. Dwiyitno F. Ariyani G.R. Barokah D. Yogaswara R. Grandiosa E. Frimawaty H.E. Irianto Y. Sani Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management carcinogenic health risk non-carcinogenic organochlorines river watershed trace elements |
| title | Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| title_full | Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| title_fullStr | Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| title_short | Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| title_sort | carcinogenic and non carcinogenic hazards associated with trace elements and organochlorines from fish consumption in tropical river watershed |
| topic | carcinogenic health risk non-carcinogenic organochlorines river watershed trace elements |
| url | https://www.gjesm.net/article_724868_7d7f50efb12b801914ac21a05b95b3e5.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ddwiyitno carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT fariyani carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT grbarokah carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT dyogaswara carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT rgrandiosa carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT efrimawaty carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT heirianto carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed AT ysani carcinogenicandnoncarcinogenichazardsassociatedwithtraceelementsandorganochlorinesfromfishconsumptionintropicalriverwatershed |