Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning
Stomata, highly specialized structures that evolved on the aerial surfaces of plants, play a crucial role in regulating hydration, mitigating the effects of abiotic stress. Stomatal lineage development involves a series of coordinated events, such as initiation, stem cell proliferation, and cell fat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/15/2405 |
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| author | Eleni Giannoutsou Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis Despina Samakovli |
| author_facet | Eleni Giannoutsou Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis Despina Samakovli |
| author_sort | Eleni Giannoutsou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stomata, highly specialized structures that evolved on the aerial surfaces of plants, play a crucial role in regulating hydration, mitigating the effects of abiotic stress. Stomatal lineage development involves a series of coordinated events, such as initiation, stem cell proliferation, and cell fate determination, ultimately leading to the differentiation of guard cells. While core transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways controlling stomatal cell division and fate determination have been characterized over the past twenty years, the molecular mechanisms linking stomatal development to dynamic environmental cues remain poorly understood. Therefore, stomatal development is considered an active and compelling frontier in plant biology research. On the one hand, this review aims to provide an understanding of the molecular networks governing stomatal ontogenesis, which relies on the activation and function of the transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA; the EPF–TMM and ERECTA receptor systems; and downstream MAPK signaling. On the other hand, it synthesizes current discoveries of how hormonal signaling pathways regulate stomatal development in response to environmental changes. As the climate crisis intensifies, the understanding of the complex interplay between stress stimuli and key factors regulating stomatal development may reveal key mechanisms that enhance plant resilience under adverse environmental conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54a3b7d984564ad5becaa9f569712b8d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-54a3b7d984564ad5becaa9f569712b8d2025-08-20T03:36:32ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-08-011415240510.3390/plants14152405Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and PatterningEleni Giannoutsou0Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis1Despina Samakovli2Section of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, GreeceSection of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, GreeceSection of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, GreeceStomata, highly specialized structures that evolved on the aerial surfaces of plants, play a crucial role in regulating hydration, mitigating the effects of abiotic stress. Stomatal lineage development involves a series of coordinated events, such as initiation, stem cell proliferation, and cell fate determination, ultimately leading to the differentiation of guard cells. While core transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways controlling stomatal cell division and fate determination have been characterized over the past twenty years, the molecular mechanisms linking stomatal development to dynamic environmental cues remain poorly understood. Therefore, stomatal development is considered an active and compelling frontier in plant biology research. On the one hand, this review aims to provide an understanding of the molecular networks governing stomatal ontogenesis, which relies on the activation and function of the transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA; the EPF–TMM and ERECTA receptor systems; and downstream MAPK signaling. On the other hand, it synthesizes current discoveries of how hormonal signaling pathways regulate stomatal development in response to environmental changes. As the climate crisis intensifies, the understanding of the complex interplay between stress stimuli and key factors regulating stomatal development may reveal key mechanisms that enhance plant resilience under adverse environmental conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/15/2405stomatal developmentstomatal differentiationstomatal lineagestomatal patterninghormonal controlabiotic stress |
| spellingShingle | Eleni Giannoutsou Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis Despina Samakovli Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning Plants stomatal development stomatal differentiation stomatal lineage stomatal patterning hormonal control abiotic stress |
| title | Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning |
| title_full | Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning |
| title_fullStr | Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning |
| title_short | Guardians of Water and Gas Exchange: Adaptive Dynamics of Stomatal Development and Patterning |
| title_sort | guardians of water and gas exchange adaptive dynamics of stomatal development and patterning |
| topic | stomatal development stomatal differentiation stomatal lineage stomatal patterning hormonal control abiotic stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/15/2405 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elenigiannoutsou guardiansofwaterandgasexchangeadaptivedynamicsofstomataldevelopmentandpatterning AT ioannisdimosthenissadamakis guardiansofwaterandgasexchangeadaptivedynamicsofstomataldevelopmentandpatterning AT despinasamakovli guardiansofwaterandgasexchangeadaptivedynamicsofstomataldevelopmentandpatterning |