Assessment of Salivary Biomarkers as Predictors of Periodontal Disease Severity in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Background: Inflammatory periodontal disease exists as a chronic condition in which multiple elements including smoking act to affect. Noninvasive salivary biomarkers represent tools that professionals now utilize to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: A sample of 10...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_477_25 |
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| Summary: | Background:
Inflammatory periodontal disease exists as a chronic condition in which multiple elements including smoking act to affect. Noninvasive salivary biomarkers represent tools that professionals now utilize to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease.
Materials and Methods:
A sample of 100 individuals with an equal number of smokers (50) and nonsmokers (50) having chronic periodontitis participated in the study. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method examined saliva biomarkers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) from obtained saliva specimens. The clinical measurements included probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) together with bleeding on probing. The statistical evaluation used SPSS software 22.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) along with P < 0.05 as the critical significance threshold.
Results:
The saliva of smokers contained elevated levels of IL-1β (225.6 ± 30.4 pg/mL) and TNF-α (184.3 ± 22.1 pg/mL) as well as MMP-8 (310.5 ± 45.7 ng/mL) in comparison to nonsmokers whose levels were IL-1β: 158.2 ± 25.6 pg/mL, TNF-α: 120.8 ± 18.4 pg/mL, MMP-8: 215.6 ± 38.2 ng/mL. Results indicated that smokers demonstrated poorer clinical characteristics since their PPD measurements averaged 4.9 ± 0.8 mm and their CAL levels reached 5.2 ± 1.1 mm, which exceeded the values of nonsmokers (PPD: 3.6 ± 0.7 mm, CAL: 4.0 ± 0.9 mm) at P < 0.05.
Conclusion:
Periodontal disease among smokers produces substantially higher concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-8 than nonsmoking adults do. The combination of biomarkers acts as a highly effective tool to evaluate the severity of periodontal diseases among risk groups. |
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| ISSN: | 0976-4879 0975-7406 |