Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique
Abstract In tropical and semiarid areas, saline sub-surface water irrigation presents difficulties, resulting in salinized soil and reduced agricultural yields. In the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022, this study evaluated electrical conductivity (EC) in 30 wells in Yamunanagar and Ambal...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Applied Water Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02512-3 |
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| author | Sandeep Ravish Baldev Setia Surinder Deswal Vishal Puri Bhupender Singh Kuldeep Sharma Ashok Kumar Yadav |
| author_facet | Sandeep Ravish Baldev Setia Surinder Deswal Vishal Puri Bhupender Singh Kuldeep Sharma Ashok Kumar Yadav |
| author_sort | Sandeep Ravish |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract In tropical and semiarid areas, saline sub-surface water irrigation presents difficulties, resulting in salinized soil and reduced agricultural yields. In the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022, this study evaluated electrical conductivity (EC) in 30 wells in Yamunanagar and Ambala, Haryana. The results showed that the danger of sub-surface water salinity, which could cause soil salinization, ranged from moderate (Group C2) to high (Group C3). Additionally, the data showed typical fluctuations. In the absence of field data, the Ordinary Kriging Technique (OKT) and Indicator Kriging Technique (IKT) were used to estimate salinity using the semivariogram approach to groundwater salinity levels. OKT tends to underestimate high salt levels and overestimate low salinity. By using nonlinear and nonparametric techniques with electrical conductivity thresholds, the IKT improved the salinity estimates’ spatial distribution accuracy. IKT was useful for public health, water management, and agricultural planning since it offered a more accurate and probabilistic prediction of high salinity levels. The shortcomings of conventional kriging are addressed by this development in geostatistical modeling, which also aids in environmental management, especially in areas vulnerable to contamination and seawater intrusion. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-53a8d677cd124a8ca3f46df474e776f4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2190-5487 2190-5495 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Water Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-53a8d677cd124a8ca3f46df474e776f42025-08-20T03:46:19ZengSpringerOpenApplied Water Science2190-54872190-54952025-05-0115713110.1007/s13201-025-02512-3Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging TechniqueSandeep Ravish0Baldev Setia1Surinder Deswal2Vishal Puri3Bhupender Singh4Kuldeep Sharma5Ashok Kumar Yadav6Department of Civil Engineering, J. C. Bose, University of Science and Technology, YMCADepartment of Civil Engineering, National Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Civil Engineering, National Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Civil Engineering, J. C. Bose, University of Science and Technology, YMCADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, J. C. Bose, University of Science and Technology, YMCADepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) DhanbadDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University)Abstract In tropical and semiarid areas, saline sub-surface water irrigation presents difficulties, resulting in salinized soil and reduced agricultural yields. In the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022, this study evaluated electrical conductivity (EC) in 30 wells in Yamunanagar and Ambala, Haryana. The results showed that the danger of sub-surface water salinity, which could cause soil salinization, ranged from moderate (Group C2) to high (Group C3). Additionally, the data showed typical fluctuations. In the absence of field data, the Ordinary Kriging Technique (OKT) and Indicator Kriging Technique (IKT) were used to estimate salinity using the semivariogram approach to groundwater salinity levels. OKT tends to underestimate high salt levels and overestimate low salinity. By using nonlinear and nonparametric techniques with electrical conductivity thresholds, the IKT improved the salinity estimates’ spatial distribution accuracy. IKT was useful for public health, water management, and agricultural planning since it offered a more accurate and probabilistic prediction of high salinity levels. The shortcomings of conventional kriging are addressed by this development in geostatistical modeling, which also aids in environmental management, especially in areas vulnerable to contamination and seawater intrusion.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02512-3Sub-surface waterSalinityIrrigationOKTIKT |
| spellingShingle | Sandeep Ravish Baldev Setia Surinder Deswal Vishal Puri Bhupender Singh Kuldeep Sharma Ashok Kumar Yadav Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique Applied Water Science Sub-surface water Salinity Irrigation OKT IKT |
| title | Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique |
| title_full | Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique |
| title_fullStr | Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique |
| title_short | Improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the Indicator Kriging Technique |
| title_sort | improving the estimation precision of the mapping of groundwater salinity by employing the indicator kriging technique |
| topic | Sub-surface water Salinity Irrigation OKT IKT |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02512-3 |
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