Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy
This study investigates the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of a nanoemulgel incorporating <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> oil for transdermal therapy. Nanoemulgels enhance percutaneous drug delivery, sustain release profiles, and improve bioavailability. A central co...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Koushik Yetukuri Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar |
| author_facet | Koushik Yetukuri Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar |
| author_sort | Koushik Yetukuri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of a nanoemulgel incorporating <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> oil for transdermal therapy. Nanoemulgels enhance percutaneous drug delivery, sustain release profiles, and improve bioavailability. A central composite design was employed to optimize critical formulation parameters, with ANOVA confirming a statistically significant impact on particle size and drug release kinetics (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 112.38 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.203, and a zeta potential of −29.0 mV, ensuring colloidal stability. In vitro drug release followed the Higuchi model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.989, kH = 4.776), indicating diffusion-controlled kinetics, while the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (<i>n</i> = 0.88) suggested an anomalous transport mechanism. Antibacterial studies determined minimum inhibitory concentrations of 250 µg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and 500 µg/mL for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, indicating greater susceptibility in <i>S. aureus</i>. In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in inflammation (<i>p</i> = 0.005 at 60 min), with a near-complete resolution by 240 min. These findings underscore the potential of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> nanoemulgel as a promising transdermal therapeutic, integrating controlled drug release with potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties for dermatological and inflammatory conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-52f3220643c247c79d046447e033e500 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj-art-52f3220643c247c79d046447e033e5002025-08-20T03:27:22ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612025-05-0111640010.3390/gels11060400Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory TherapyKoushik Yetukuri0Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar1Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603203, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603203, IndiaThis study investigates the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of a nanoemulgel incorporating <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> oil for transdermal therapy. Nanoemulgels enhance percutaneous drug delivery, sustain release profiles, and improve bioavailability. A central composite design was employed to optimize critical formulation parameters, with ANOVA confirming a statistically significant impact on particle size and drug release kinetics (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 112.38 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.203, and a zeta potential of −29.0 mV, ensuring colloidal stability. In vitro drug release followed the Higuchi model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.989, kH = 4.776), indicating diffusion-controlled kinetics, while the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (<i>n</i> = 0.88) suggested an anomalous transport mechanism. Antibacterial studies determined minimum inhibitory concentrations of 250 µg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and 500 µg/mL for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, indicating greater susceptibility in <i>S. aureus</i>. In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in inflammation (<i>p</i> = 0.005 at 60 min), with a near-complete resolution by 240 min. These findings underscore the potential of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> nanoemulgel as a promising transdermal therapeutic, integrating controlled drug release with potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties for dermatological and inflammatory conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/6/400quality by designnanoemulgel<i>Kunzea ericoides</i>transdermal deliveryanti-inflammatoryantibacterial |
| spellingShingle | Koushik Yetukuri Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Gels quality by design nanoemulgel <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> transdermal delivery anti-inflammatory antibacterial |
| title | Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy |
| title_full | Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy |
| title_short | Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy |
| title_sort | development and optimization of i kunzea ericoides i nanoemulgel using a quality by design approach for transdermal anti inflammatory therapy |
| topic | quality by design nanoemulgel <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> transdermal delivery anti-inflammatory antibacterial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/6/400 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koushikyetukuri developmentandoptimizationofikunzeaericoidesinanoemulgelusingaqualitybydesignapproachfortransdermalantiinflammatorytherapy AT marakanamsrinivasanumashankar developmentandoptimizationofikunzeaericoidesinanoemulgelusingaqualitybydesignapproachfortransdermalantiinflammatorytherapy |