Development and Optimization of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> Nanoemulgel Using a Quality by Design Approach for Transdermal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy
This study investigates the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of a nanoemulgel incorporating <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> oil for transdermal therapy. Nanoemulgels enhance percutaneous drug delivery, sustain release profiles, and improve bioavailability. A central co...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Gels |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/6/400 |
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| Summary: | This study investigates the Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of a nanoemulgel incorporating <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> oil for transdermal therapy. Nanoemulgels enhance percutaneous drug delivery, sustain release profiles, and improve bioavailability. A central composite design was employed to optimize critical formulation parameters, with ANOVA confirming a statistically significant impact on particle size and drug release kinetics (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 112.38 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.203, and a zeta potential of −29.0 mV, ensuring colloidal stability. In vitro drug release followed the Higuchi model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.989, kH = 4.776), indicating diffusion-controlled kinetics, while the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (<i>n</i> = 0.88) suggested an anomalous transport mechanism. Antibacterial studies determined minimum inhibitory concentrations of 250 µg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and 500 µg/mL for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, indicating greater susceptibility in <i>S. aureus</i>. In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in inflammation (<i>p</i> = 0.005 at 60 min), with a near-complete resolution by 240 min. These findings underscore the potential of <i>Kunzea ericoides</i> nanoemulgel as a promising transdermal therapeutic, integrating controlled drug release with potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties for dermatological and inflammatory conditions. |
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| ISSN: | 2310-2861 |