Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia
Background: Dispensing prescription-only medications without a valid prescription poses significant public health risks, including inappropriate drug use, adverse drug reactions and medication dependence. Narcotics and psychotropic drugs are particularly vulnerable to misuse. Despite this, limited d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BioExcel Publishing Ltd
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Drugs in Context |
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| Online Access: | https://www.drugsincontext.com/simulated-client-study-on-the-dispensing-practices-for-narcotic-and-psychotropic-medications-in-community-drug-outlets-in-ethiopia/ |
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| author | Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke Minichil Chanie Worku Bantayehu Addis Tegegne Fasil Bayafers Tamene Gebremariam Wulie Geremew Samuel Agegnew Wondm Aschalew Mulatu Tefera Ayelign Eshete Fitgu Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu Muluken Adela Alemu Rahel Belete Abebe Kale Gubae Abraham Teym |
| author_facet | Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke Minichil Chanie Worku Bantayehu Addis Tegegne Fasil Bayafers Tamene Gebremariam Wulie Geremew Samuel Agegnew Wondm Aschalew Mulatu Tefera Ayelign Eshete Fitgu Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu Muluken Adela Alemu Rahel Belete Abebe Kale Gubae Abraham Teym |
| author_sort | Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Dispensing prescription-only medications without a valid prescription poses significant public health risks, including inappropriate drug use, adverse drug reactions and medication dependence. Narcotics and psychotropic drugs are particularly vulnerable to misuse. Despite this, limited data exist on the dispensing practices of these medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the extent and factors of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia.
Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client method from June 1, 2023, to September 30, 2023, in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. Three trained volunteer pharmacy professionals acted as simulated clients. A validated simulated client approach was used to request medications through three different scenarios: symptom-based (depression), direct request by name and request by presenting a medication package.
Results: A total of 109 requests were made by the simulated clients at 38 community drug retail outlets during three rounds of observations. The rates of non-prescription dispensing were 28.9% for depression simulation, 60.5% for direct name requests and 81.6% for package- based requests. A total of nine types of narcotic and psychotropic medications were dispensed without prescription, the most common of which were amitriptyline, followed by tramadol, carbamazepine, pethidine and haloperidol.
Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications, particularly in response to assertive client requests. Urgent regulatory measures are needed to ensure adherence to prescription-only policies, especially for frequently dispensed drugs such as amitriptyline, tramadol and chlorpromazine. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-52dafd4e5e684ccb85ea4f01d38655c6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1740-4398 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BioExcel Publishing Ltd |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drugs in Context |
| spelling | doaj-art-52dafd4e5e684ccb85ea4f01d38655c62025-08-20T03:50:49ZengBioExcel Publishing LtdDrugs in Context1740-43982025-07-011411110.7573/dic.2025-2-1Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in EthiopiaTirsit Ketsela ZelekeMinichil Chanie WorkuBantayehu Addis TegegneFasil Bayafers TameneGebremariam Wulie GeremewSamuel Agegnew WondmAschalew Mulatu TeferaAyelign Eshete FitguTekletsadik Tekleslassie AlemayehuMuluken Adela AlemuRahel Belete AbebeKale GubaeAbraham TeymBackground: Dispensing prescription-only medications without a valid prescription poses significant public health risks, including inappropriate drug use, adverse drug reactions and medication dependence. Narcotics and psychotropic drugs are particularly vulnerable to misuse. Despite this, limited data exist on the dispensing practices of these medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the extent and factors of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications at community drug retail outlets in Ethiopia. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client method from June 1, 2023, to September 30, 2023, in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. Three trained volunteer pharmacy professionals acted as simulated clients. A validated simulated client approach was used to request medications through three different scenarios: symptom-based (depression), direct request by name and request by presenting a medication package. Results: A total of 109 requests were made by the simulated clients at 38 community drug retail outlets during three rounds of observations. The rates of non-prescription dispensing were 28.9% for depression simulation, 60.5% for direct name requests and 81.6% for package- based requests. A total of nine types of narcotic and psychotropic medications were dispensed without prescription, the most common of which were amitriptyline, followed by tramadol, carbamazepine, pethidine and haloperidol. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of non-prescription dispensing of narcotic and psychotropic medications, particularly in response to assertive client requests. Urgent regulatory measures are needed to ensure adherence to prescription-only policies, especially for frequently dispensed drugs such as amitriptyline, tramadol and chlorpromazine.https://www.drugsincontext.com/simulated-client-study-on-the-dispensing-practices-for-narcotic-and-psychotropic-medications-in-community-drug-outlets-in-ethiopia/community pharmaciesnarcotic drugsnon-prescription dispensingpsychotropic medicationssimulated client method |
| spellingShingle | Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke Minichil Chanie Worku Bantayehu Addis Tegegne Fasil Bayafers Tamene Gebremariam Wulie Geremew Samuel Agegnew Wondm Aschalew Mulatu Tefera Ayelign Eshete Fitgu Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu Muluken Adela Alemu Rahel Belete Abebe Kale Gubae Abraham Teym Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia Drugs in Context community pharmacies narcotic drugs non-prescription dispensing psychotropic medications simulated client method |
| title | Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia |
| title_full | Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia |
| title_short | Simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in Ethiopia |
| title_sort | simulated client study on the dispensing practices for narcotic and psychotropic medications in community drug outlets in ethiopia |
| topic | community pharmacies narcotic drugs non-prescription dispensing psychotropic medications simulated client method |
| url | https://www.drugsincontext.com/simulated-client-study-on-the-dispensing-practices-for-narcotic-and-psychotropic-medications-in-community-drug-outlets-in-ethiopia/ |
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