The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in rice grains are major global food safety concerns. Iron (Fe) can help reduce both, but current Fe treatments suffer from poor stability, low leaf absorption, and fast soil immobilization, with unclear underlying mechanisms. To address these issues, an Fe-based metal–...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Tianyu Wang Hao Cui Weijie Li Zhenmao Jiang Lei Li Lidan Lei Shiqiang Wei |
| author_facet | Tianyu Wang Hao Cui Weijie Li Zhenmao Jiang Lei Li Lidan Lei Shiqiang Wei |
| author_sort | Tianyu Wang |
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| description | Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in rice grains are major global food safety concerns. Iron (Fe) can help reduce both, but current Fe treatments suffer from poor stability, low leaf absorption, and fast soil immobilization, with unclear underlying mechanisms. To address these issues, an Fe-based metal–organic framework (MIL-88) was modified with sodium alginate (SA) to form MIL-88@SA. Its stability as a foliar inhibitor and its leaf absorption were tested, and its effects on As and Cd accumulation in rice were compared with those of soluble Fe (FeCl<sub>3</sub>) and chelating Fe (HA + FeCl<sub>3</sub>) in a field study on As–Cd co-contaminated rice paddies. Compared with the control, MIL-88@SA outperformed or matched the other Fe treatments. A single foliar spray during the tillering stage increased the rice yield by 19% and reduced the inorganic As and Cd content in the grains by 22.8% and 67.8%, respectively, while the other Fe treatments required two sprays. Its superior performance was attributed to better leaf affinity and thermal stability. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses revealed that Fe improved photosynthesis and alleviated As–Cd stress in leaves, MIL-88@SA promoted As and Cd redistribution, and Fe–Cd co-accumulation in leaf veins enhanced Cd retention in leaves. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-52b286eeab9e448181d2707ce4e4bb4c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-52b286eeab9e448181d2707ce4e4bb4c2025-08-20T02:48:17ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-07-01157171010.3390/agronomy15071710The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice GrainsTianyu Wang0Hao Cui1Weijie Li2Zhenmao Jiang3Lei Li4Lidan Lei5Shiqiang Wei6Department of Environment Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaDepartment of Environment Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaDepartment of Environment Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaDepartment of Environment Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaDepartment of Environment Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, ChinaArsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in rice grains are major global food safety concerns. Iron (Fe) can help reduce both, but current Fe treatments suffer from poor stability, low leaf absorption, and fast soil immobilization, with unclear underlying mechanisms. To address these issues, an Fe-based metal–organic framework (MIL-88) was modified with sodium alginate (SA) to form MIL-88@SA. Its stability as a foliar inhibitor and its leaf absorption were tested, and its effects on As and Cd accumulation in rice were compared with those of soluble Fe (FeCl<sub>3</sub>) and chelating Fe (HA + FeCl<sub>3</sub>) in a field study on As–Cd co-contaminated rice paddies. Compared with the control, MIL-88@SA outperformed or matched the other Fe treatments. A single foliar spray during the tillering stage increased the rice yield by 19% and reduced the inorganic As and Cd content in the grains by 22.8% and 67.8%, respectively, while the other Fe treatments required two sprays. Its superior performance was attributed to better leaf affinity and thermal stability. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses revealed that Fe improved photosynthesis and alleviated As–Cd stress in leaves, MIL-88@SA promoted As and Cd redistribution, and Fe–Cd co-accumulation in leaf veins enhanced Cd retention in leaves.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/7/1710MIL-88@SAfoliar inhibitorarsenic and cadmiumrice grainspaddy |
| spellingShingle | Tianyu Wang Hao Cui Weijie Li Zhenmao Jiang Lei Li Lidan Lei Shiqiang Wei The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains Agronomy MIL-88@SA foliar inhibitor arsenic and cadmium rice grains paddy |
| title | The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains |
| title_full | The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains |
| title_fullStr | The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains |
| title_short | The Mechanism of an Fe-Based MOF Material as a Foliar Inhibitor and Its Co-Mitigation Effects on Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains |
| title_sort | mechanism of an fe based mof material as a foliar inhibitor and its co mitigation effects on arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice grains |
| topic | MIL-88@SA foliar inhibitor arsenic and cadmium rice grains paddy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/7/1710 |
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